2 Chapter I: Phraseology as a branch of linguistics in literary works

- Чўқийди - деди чол овоз чиқариб.- Чўқийди, худоѐ дард кўрмагур! [29,66]
There are also some problems, namely misunderstanding of the phrase God help him to take it. And the Uzbek translator through the Russian translation made the same mistake. If we translate the Uzbek phrase худоѐ дард кўрмагур into the English language, it will sound as God bless him, which is not an adequate translation.
Hard and cold and lovely. Don't be shy, fish. Eat them.
У шундай ҳам сўлқиллаган, муздаккина, бир ширинки, қўяверасан. Қисиниб- қимтиниб ўтирма, балиқ. Егин, ол, есанг-чи, ўтинаман сендан.
To strengthen the content both translators added the word ўтинаман, it means to beg. From the content it is clear that the old man begged the fish, but the writer didn‘t mention it, but from the content it was clear.
Ibragim Gafurov‘s translation and the ST, both of them fall short of conveying the denotational associations of this game to the Uzbek readers. It is deeply rooted in American culture, but is relatively unknown in the Uzbek culture. Because there is no conception of this game in the target language, both translators have resorted to transliteration, which baffles the receptors. It would be helpful if both translators had mentioned the denotation and connotations of this game in a footnote or, more practically, in the introductions to their translations, in order to provide the necessary background and prevent obscurity in the text in the TL. [34, 156]
We paid attention to the phraseological units Below that some more examples of adequate, alternative translation of phraseological units looked up from the Old Man and the Sea :
— “But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week.” [28, 1]
—У билан қирқ кун бола бирга бўлди. Ҳадеганда қўли қуруқ қайтавергач, ота-онаси унга энди чолнинг ўта-кетган Sаlао, яъни «ўлгудай омади юришмаган одам» эканини айтиб, бундан буѐн бошқа қайиқда денгизга чиқиш кераклигини қулоғига қуйдилар. Ҳақиқатан ҳам биринчи ҳафтанинг ўзидаѐқ бу қайиқда балиқ деса арзигудай учта балиқ тутиб келишди.[29, 5]
— “The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled; it looked like the flag of permanent defeat.” [28, 9]
—Дағал матодан тўқилган елкан ямалавериб, ола-қуроқ бўлиб кетган, ўроғлиқ ҳолда яксони чиққан полкнинг яловига ўхшарди. [29, 5]
—They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert.[28, 10]
Аммо бу излар ичида янгиси йўқ, ҳаммаси ҳам узоқ сувсизликдан қақраб ѐтган биѐбон дарзлари сингари кўҳна эди. [29, 6]
— “No,” the old man said. “You’re with a lucky boat. Stay with them.” [28, 10]
— Йўқ,— деди чол,— сен бахти чопган қайиқда ов қиляпсан. Ўшанда қолганинг маъқул. [29, 6]
— “Why not?” the old man said. “Between fishermen.” [28, 10]
— Ҳай, майли,— деди чол.— Балиқчи балиқчини сийламоқчи экан, демак... [29, 8]
— “Five and you nearly were killed when I brought the fish in too green and he nearly tore the boat to pieces. Can you remember?” [28, 12]
— Бешда. Қайиққа тирик балиқни тортиб олганимда, у сағал бўлмаса ҳамма нарсани чилпарчин қилиб юбораѐзган ва сен ҳам базўр жон сақлаб қолган эдинг, эсингдами? [29, 10]
— “I can remember the tail slapping and banging and the thwart breaking and the noise of the clubbing. I can remember you throwing me into the bow where the wet coiled lines were and feeling the whole boat shiver and the noise of you clubbing him like chopping a tree down and the sweet blood smell all over me.” [28, 12]
— Эсимда. У қуйруғи билан уриб банкани синдирган, сен бўлсанг, уни тўқмоғинг билан роса дўппослаган эдинг. Мени қайиқнинг майда-чуйдалар ѐтган бурнига итқитиб юборгансан, Қайиқ зириллаб қалтировди, худди ўтин чопгандай тўқмоғингни тўқ-тўқ овози эшитилиб турувди. Ҳамма ѐқни чучмал қон ҳиди босиб кетган эди. Буларнинг бари эсимда. [29, 10]
—The old man looked at him with his sun-burned, confident loving eyes. [28,11]
Чол офтобда қизариб кетган, инонувчан ва меҳрибон кўзлари билан унга қаради.
— “If you were my boy I’d take you out and gamble,” he said. “But you are your father’s and your mother’s and you are in a lucky boat.” [28, 13]
— Агар ўз ўғлим бўлганингда, ҳозир ҳам сени ўйлаб-нетиб ўтирмай, денгизга олиб чиқардим. Амма ўз ота-онанг бор, боз устига бахти чопган қайиқда ов қиляпсан. [29, 11]
— “One,” the old man said. His hope and his confidence had never gone. But now they were freshening as when the breeze rises. [28, 13]
- У, шундай ҳам келажакка на ишончини ва на орзу-омолини йўқотмаган бўлса-да, ҳозир бу ҳислар унинг қалбида, гўѐ денгиздан кишининг қулфи-дилини очадиган шаббода эсгандагидек, мустаҳкамлана борарди, [29, 11]
—He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility. But he knew he had attained it and he knew it was not disgraceful and it carried no loss of true pride. [28, 13]
- Итоаткорлик руҳи қачондан бошлаб ўз қалбида қўним топгани устида бош қотириб ўтирмоқлик учун чол бениҳоя соддадил эди. Аммо у ўзининг итоатгўй бўлиб қолганини ва бу итоатдан у ўз номуси, инсонлик қадр-қимматини йўқотмаганлигини билар эди. [29, 12]
— “It is strange,” the old man said. “He never went turtling. That is what kills the eyes.” [28, 14]
— Қизиқ. У ахир ҳеч вақт тошбақа овламас эди, шекилли. Ўзи шу тошбақа ови ҳаммадан ҳам кўзни ўтмас қилиб қўяди. [29, 13]
— “I am a strange old man” [28, 14]
— Менми? Менинг зувалам ўзи бошқача узилган. [29, 13]
—) No one would steal from the old man but it was better to take the sail and the heavy lines home as the dew was bad for them and, though he was quite sure no local people would steal from him, the old man thought that a gaff and a harpoon were needless temptations to leave in a boat. [28, 15]
—Чолнинг асбоб-ускуналарини ўғирлаб кетиш ҳеч кимнинг хаѐлига ҳам келмаса керак эди, аммо елкан ва оғир анжомлар тун шабнамидан нам тортиб қолмаслиги учун уларни уйга олиб бориб қўйган маъқул эди. Гарчи чол ўз нарсаларига шу ерлик одамлардан биронтаси ҳам кўз олайтирмаслигига амин бўлса-да, ҳарқалай, чангак ва гарпуннни ѐмон кўздан холироқ тутишга ҳаракат қиларди. [29, 14]
—On the brown walls of the flattened, overlapping leaves of the sturdy fibered guano there was a picture in color of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and another of the Virgin of Cobre. [28, 15]
- Унинг текислаб қуритилган толасимон япроқлардан бўлган жигар ранг деворларини Тангри қалби ва Santa Maria del Cobre нинг рангдор олеаграфия билан ишланган тасвири безаб турар эди. [29, 15]
— “No. I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.” [28, 16]
— Керакмас. Кейинроқ ўзим ѐқаман. Балки, гуручни совуқлигича ерман. [29,15]
— “Eighty-five is a lucky number,” the old man said. “How would you like to see me bring one in that dressed out over a thousand pounds?” [28, 16]
— Саксон беш — бахт келтирувчи рақам,— деди чол,— Қалай, эртага минг қадоқли балиқ тутишимга кўзинг етадими? [29, 15]
— “Be careful or you will fear even the Reds of Cincinnati and the White Sax of Chicago.” [28, 17]
— Худо кўрсатмасин, сен ҳали цинцинатилик «Қизилтанлар»дан ҳам, Чикаго «Оқ пайпоқлари»дан ҳам қўрқиб ўтирарсан. [29, 16]
— “I think perhaps I can too. But I try not to borrow. First you borrow. Then you beg.” [28, 18]
— Оламан десам, мен ҳам иложини қилардиму, бироқ мен қарз олмасликка ҳаракат қиламан. Олдин қарз оласан, кейин садақа сўрайсан. [29, 17]
— “Keep warm old man,” the boy said. “Remember we are in September.” [28,18]
— Эҳтиѐт бўл, қария, тағин шамоллаб қолмагин. Сентябрь эканлигини унутма. [29, 17]
—When the boy came back the old man was asleep in the chair and the sun was down. [28, 18]
- Бола қайтиб келганда, кун ботган, чол эса курсида ўтирганича, уйқуга кетган эди. [29, 18]
—His shirt had been patched so many times that it was like the sail and the patches were faded to many different shades by the sun. [28, 18]
Унинг кўйлаги ҳам худди елканидай қирқ ямоқ бўлиб кетган, ямоқлар қуѐш тафтидан ола-була тусга кирган эди. [29, 18]
— “Then live a long time and take care of yourself,” the old man said. “What are we eating?” [28, 19]
— Ундай бўлса, дард кўрмагин, умринг узоқ бўлсин,— деди чол.— Қани, нима еймиз. [29, 19]
—His mind was on horses as well as baseball. [28, 22]
У фақат бейсболгина эмас, от жинниси ҳам эди. [29, 22]
—You ought to go to bed now so that you will be fresh in the morning. [28, 23]
— Энди сен ѐтиб ухла, эрталаб тетик бўлиб туришинг керак. [29, 24]
— “You’re my alarm clock,” the boy said. [28,24]
— Сен мен учун нақ қўнғироқ соатнинг ўзисан,— деди бола. [29, 24]
— “Good luck old man.” [28, 27]
— Ишинг ўнгидан келсин, қария. [29, 29]
— “Why did they make birds so delicate and fine as those sea swallows when the ocean can be so cruel?” [28, 29]
— Океан гоҳида шу қадар ҳам бераҳм бўлар экан, нима учун қушларни мана бу денгиз қалдирғочлари сингари нозик ва шикаста қилиб яратганлар. [29, 31]
In the Uzbek version we found some coincidence with the ST. May be the Uzbek translator used a metaphor so that the receptor would have a better understanding of the phrase. The reason, why this transformation is required, is in the dissimilarity between the language structures, with the source language structure being incomplete for the target language.
The translator has successfully rendered this text. He caught the idea of the writer, and did oblique translation some words, for example: run down phrasal verb in Uzbek was used like the phrasal verb чўзилиб тушмоқ (stretched out) instead run down, that helped to convey the correct meaning. Hemingway uses also figurative language when the simple direct statement will not achieve the effect that he wants.
– The old man had gaffed her and clubbed her, holding the rapier bill with its sandpaper edge.
– Чол мода балиқни чангак билан санчиб олиб, худди қилич сингари кескир, ғадир–будур оғзидан ушлаб туриб.
– He looked to the sky and saw the white cumulus built like friendly piles of ice cream. [28, 25]
– Осмонга қараб, у оппоқ тубсиз сентябрь кўкида ўзи суйиб ейдиган мороженоега ўхшаш укпар булутларнинг ҳарир пардаларини кўрди. [29,32]
– His sword was as long as a baseball bat and tapered like a rapier.
– Унинг тумшуғи ўрнида худди бейсбол чавғонидай узун ва учи рапира сингари ўткир тиғ турар эди.
– his left hand was still as tight as the gripped claws of an eagle. [28, 25]
– чап қўли эса бояги бояги, акашак. Гўѐ бургутнннг юмуқ панжаларига ўхшайди. [29, 32]
Hemingway's style is concerned with reality. It is designed to show rather than tell. He prefers to use concrete language so that the reader can respond to it using with his own judgement. This device is not matched by the translators' choice of lexical items. This can be illustrated in the following examples:
– without taking a fish. [28, 25]
– аммо ҳали биронта балиқ тутганича йўқ. [29, 32]
— In the first forty days a boy had been with him. But after forty days without a fish.
– Денгизга чиқаѐтганига мана саксон тўрт кун ҳам тўлди, аммо ҳали биронта балиқ тутганича йўқ. У билан қирқ кун бола бирга бўлди.
– in another boat which caught three good fish.
– Ҳақиқатдан ҳам биринчи ҳафтанинг ўзидаѐқ бу қайиқда балиқ деса арзигудай учта балиқ тутиб келишди.
– The breeze was steady. [28, 25]
– Шамол тўхтовсиз зўрайиб борар. [29, 32]
Judging from these examples, it is fair to conclude that both translators have provided concrete language as in the original. However, there are some instances where a specific word is replaced by a more general one.
The translator should render cultural concepts, but, unfortunately, we can't say that the Uzbek translator, I.Gafurov was able to transmit through translation the culture of the country where the action took place.