1. What is headline?

15. What English poem translators do you know?
The first examples that came to me were the obvious ones: Pound (Cathay, Homage To Sextus Propertius), Pasternak (Shakespeare), and Robert Lowell (Imitations). I thought of Basil Bunting (“Chomei at Toyama” and translations from Persian and Latin) and Hugh MacDiarmid (great Scots translations of Russian poems in A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle, but (sadly) they just don’t qualify as famous except among specialists.
One of the famous translators is Mark Strand, (born April 11, 1934, Summerside, Prince Edward Island, Canada—died November 29, 2014, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.), Canadian poet, writer of short fiction, and translator whose poetry, noted for its surreal quality, explores the boundaries of the self and the external world.
Among his translations of poetry by South American writers are 18 Poems from the Quechua (1971) and Rafael Alberti’s The Owl’s Insomnia (1973). Strand edited The Contemporary American Poets (1969), New Poetry of Mexico (1970), and, with Charles Simic, Another Republic: 17 European and South American Writers (1976). He also wrote several children’s books as well as Hopper (1994), a study of the works of American painter Edward Hopper, and other works of art criticism. In 1999 Strand received a Pulitzer Prize for the poetry collection Blizzard of One (1998).


16. What is generalization in translation?
Generalization and particularization are two sides of the same coin: generalization occurs when a word or phrase in the source text is translated into a broader and more general term in the target text, while particularization occurs when a word or phrase in the source text is transferred into a more specific and particular term in the target text. The techniques of generalization and particularization in Italian translation are used to accommodate structural and stylistic differences between source and target language texts. Apart from the stylistic and structural factors, these techniques can also be used to influence and shape the reader’s understanding of reality.
Generalization and particularization are synonyms for hyperonymy and hyponymy, respectively. Both generalization and particularization will produce some amount of translation loss, but that is to be expected. On the levels of both grammar and content, details may be omitted from the source text or details may be added to the target text, but as long as the details do not alter and affect the meaning of the text, they are not objectionable. On the contrary, the manipulation of details might even be dictated by necessity