1. The subject of Lexicology and the main lexicological problems

hearlyscript (святописание): to confusion of Babylon

to cost the first stone- первым осудить кого либо

doubting Fomas- Фома неверующий
forbidden fruit- запретный плод
2) ancient legends and myths belonging to different religious and cultural traditions
Aladdin’s lamp
Procrustean bedden- необходимость подчиниться какой либо ситуации
3) Facts and events of the world history
To cross the rubikon
Brawn/black shirt- фашисты

4. 
   variants of English language:
   

5) other languages/ classical and modern
Fair sex( French)- слабый пол


Vinjgradov’s classification of phraseological units.
Vinjgradov’s classification is based on semantic principles. He classified them ino 3 groups: 1) phraseological fusions (сращение) are completely non-motivated word groups ( to kick the backet - отбросить коньки, tit for tat- зуб за зуб, око за око, to make the bag – убить дичи больше чем лр. Участники охоты). The meaning of the components has no connection at keast synchronically with the meaning of the whole group. 2) phraseologocal unities (единства) are partially non-motivated as their meaning can usually be gathered from metaphoric meanings of the whole phraseological unit ( to wash one’s dirty linen in public - выносить сор из избы). 3) phraseologocal colloqations are motivated but they are made up of words possessive a certain degree of stability in such word combinations. The variations of the components are strictly limited. We can say “to bare the grudge “ - иметь зуб на кого-либо, or “to bare malice”(злобу), but not “to bare fancy (or like). We say “take a fancy “. The habitual colloqations tend to become a kind of clishes where the meaning of the components is dominated by the meaning of the whole group. Due to this phraseological colloqations are felt as possessing in certain degree of semantic separability.
Classifacition of Kunin.

1. 
   Nominative phrasiological units are represented of word group including one meaningful word and coordinative phrases. (wear and tear of life – жизненное переутомление, wear and tear of time – разрушительная силавремени). This class also include word groups with predicative structure (as the crawl flies, ships that pass in the night)
   

Мои примеры: baker’s dozen –чертова дюжина, eat one’s word – брать назад свои слова, bed of roses – лёгкая жизнь.

2. 
   Nominative-communicative phrasiological units include word group of type: to break the ice, the ice is broken. Nominative phrasiological units may be transferred into the sentences in passive voice. (To pull one’s leg – smb’s leg is pulled).
   
3. 
   Neither nominative non communicative, there are interjections (Bless you, hear…hear). It denotes human feelings and emotions (Oh, my eye!=Oh, my God)
   
4. 
   Communicative phrasiological units has the structure of the sentence. (proverb, sayings)
   

Amosova’s classification.

Ph. Units in modern English are also approached from contextual point of view. This approach is suggested by professor Amosova. She defines phraseological units as units of fixed context and subdivides into 2 groups: 1) phrasems. Are two member word groups in which one of the members has specialized meaning, dependent on the second component “Small beer and small hours” 2) idioms. Are distinguished from phrasems by their idiomatisity of the whole word group “sofa potato”. Idioms are semantically and grammatically inseparable units. They may comprise unusual combination of words.