1. The subject of comparative typology and its aims

32. Typology of phraseological units (isomorphic and allomorphic features).
Phraseological unit is a non-motivated word-group that cannot be freely made up in speech but is reproduced as a ready made unit. It is functionally and semantically inseparable. Characteristic features of phraseological units/set-phrases are non-motivation for idiomaticity and stability of context. Structurally, they may be in all languages: 1) sentence idioms (time and tide wait for no man, на козаку нема знаку); 2) word-group idioms (Ten Commandments, десять заповідей); 3) metaphorically generalised proper names (sometimes geogr. names) as Jack Ketch (hangman), Чалий (підступна, зрадлива людина).
Сommon in both languages are paradigmatic classes of idioms: - substantival (the Trojan horse,троянський кінь; -verbal (to have one's heart in one's mouth,брати бика за роги); -adverbial (by and again, скрізь і всюди).
In both lang’s they can perform such functions as: - the subject (Hobson’s choice is an idiom.); - the predicative/predicate (That was a Hobson’s choice for him); - the object (He recollected the idiom “Hobson’s choice.”); the adv.mod. (He will do it by hook or by crook.; Кров з носа, а зроблю це.)
Id. ex-s exist in both lang-s either as: 1) absolute equivalents having all components the same and absolutely identical or slightly different meaning in some languages of a historically, culturally and mostly geogr. close regions (the heel of Achilles ахіллесова п'ята), 2) near equivalents, i.e. when having in some (usually different) languages one or more components missing or different as in other (contrasted) lang-s, e.g.: to kiss the post - поцілувати замок, 3) genuine and approximate idiomatic analogies (have in Eng. and Ukr. similar meaning but different componental structures: a fly in the ointment, ложка дьогтю в бочці меду).
There are also: 1) national idioms (Eng. to cut off with a shilling, Ukr. передати куті меду); 2) international (Pandora’s box, Gordian knot).