1. The subject of comparative typology and its aims

23. Types of motivation.
1) PHONETICAL. Words have their sounding structure similar to the sound which they convey (bark – гавкати, buzz – дзижчати, crack – тріщати, hiss – шипіти, сичати). in comparison to other types of motivation their number in Eng. is adout 1.08%, in Ukr. – 0.8%.
2) MOPHOLOGICAL. In contrasted languages is the major one (constitute the largest part of their motivated lexicon - 88.5% in Eng, 91.8% in Ukr). It is characteristic of numerous notional words, in which it is clearly indicated by affixal morphemes. (f.e. by suffixes: doer one who does smth, movable smth that can be moved; Ukr.: оповідач той, хто оповідає/розповідає, читаючий який читає. By prefixal morphemes: asleep the one who is in the state of sleeping, overturn to turn smth. Передісторія, вчетрвете, поверх (чогось). All morphologically motivated compounds have their lexical meaning composed of lexical meaning pertaining to each of their parts, air-crew is a crew of an aircraft, note-book (book for notes), classroom/ домовласник, марнотратство, користолюбство.
3) SEMANTIC. Is displayed by figurative/connotative meaning of words or phrases, representing the transferred meaning of their denotata. Cf. foot of the mountain підніжжя гори, bed of a river русло річки, the house of Tudor династія Тюдорів. Many similar examples – observed in Ukr: купатися в розкошах, легка/важка рука. Their meanings are very transparent and mostly need no further explanation.
Some words denoting in the contrasted languages popular names of flowers, trees, birds, animals have a transparent etymological motivation. Thus, in Eng.& Ukr. Bluet (flower) is васильок, bluebell is дзвоник, violet means фіалка, sunflower соняшник. Ukr./Byelorus. Names of months Cf. січень (сніг січе), квітень (перші квіти), липень (липа зацвітає)… Semantic motivation is idiomatic expressions as well: not for time or money (ні за що в світі), like 2 drops of water? Язик до Києва доведе.