1. Талаб, унинг манбалари ва таъсир қилувчи омиллари. Талаб қонуни ва талаб функцияси

4.3 Shifts in the Demand Curve
Consumers are influenced by the prices of goods when they make their purchasing decisions. At lower prices, people prefer to buy more of a good than at higher prices, holding other factors constant, primarily because many goods are substitutes for one another.
A change in a good’s price leads to a change in quantity demanded, illustrated by moving along a given demand curve. A change in a good’s price does not change its demand.
A change in demand, illustrated by a shift in the entire demand curve, is caused by changes in any of the determinants of demand (other than the good’s own price) that would affect how much of the good is purchased: the prices of related goods, incomes, number of demanders, tastes, and expectations. An increase in demand is represented by a rightward shift in the demand curve; a decrease in demand is represented by a leftward shift in the demand curve.
Exhibit 1: Demand Shifts
Demand shifters include the prices of related goods, income, number of buyers, tastes, and expectations.
Two goods are called substitutes if an increase (a decrease) in the price of one causes a decrease (an increase) in the demand for the other good.
Use What You’ve Learned: Substitute Goods (Exhibit 2)
Two goods are complements if an increase (a decrease) in the price of one good causes a decrease (an increase) in the demand for the other good. Complements are goods that go together, often consumed or used simultaneously (Examples: skis and bindings; hot dogs and mustard).
Use What You’ve Learned: Complementary Goods (Exhibit 3)
Generally the consumption of goods and services is positively related to the income available to consumers. As individuals receive more income, they tend to increase their purchases of most goods and services.
Other things equal, rising income usually leads to an increase in demand for goods (rightward shift), and decreasing income usually leads to a decrease in the demand for goods (leftward shift). Such goods are called