1-Mavzu Roman -german tillarining dunyo

Noun and Adjectives: Gothic has five cases:

• 
  Nominative:for nouns acting as the subject of the sentence
  
• 
  Genitive: expresses possessive relationships
  
• 
  Dative: for nouns acting as the indirect object
  
• 
  Accusative: for nouns acting as the direct object
  
• 
  Vocative:for the person addressed (it is usually the same form as the Nominative).
  

Nouns: The inflectional ending depends on:

• 
  the stem of the word: The stems include a-, ia-, 0-, i-, u- and n-stems. These terms refer to the reconstructed Primitive Germanc (eg bird: "fug/s" is an a-stem, cf the Primitive Germanc word: *fuglaz).
  
• 
  the gender of the word: Gothic has masculine, feminine and neuter nouns.
  
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  whether the word is singular or plural.
  

Adjectives: The adjective takes the same gender, number and case as the noun.
The endings also vary according to:

• 
  The stem to which the adjective belongs (as for the nouns above).
  
• 
  Inflection: weak inflection (for the vocative and after a definite article) and strong inflection (in all other situations).
  

Articles and demonstrative pronouns

The definite article is an important new development in Germanc.
It arose from the demonstrative pronoun and still has the same form in Gothic (sa = 'the' or 'that' masculine, pata neuter, so feminine). It is only the context which enables its use as an article to be recognized.
The indefinite article does not yet exist.
The possessive pronouns are inflected according to the strong inflection of the adjective.
Gothic uses the 1^st, 2^nd and 3^rd person and a three-fold number division. Alongside singular and plural there is also a dual which indicates two people (eg wit
= 'the two of us').
The familiar and polite forms of "you" use the same form of the second person, as in English, but unlike most other modern Germanc languages. (see also The Middle Dutch case system)

Verbs

The form of the verb indicates:

• 
  The person (1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd) and the number (singular, dual, plural) A personal pronoun is used when needed for emphasis or contrast. I n other cases Gothic suffice with the verb on its own.
  
• 
  The mood: Gothic uses the indicative, imperative and subjunctive.
  
• 
  The tense: There are only two forms, the present tense for the present and future, and the preterite for the past tenses (there are as yet no analytical compound verb forms such as "have done"). The preterite can be formed in various ways:
  

1. 
   by a vowel change (strong verbs) - this method goes as far back as Indo- European.
   
2. 
   by adding a dental suffix (weak verbs) with the sounds /d/ (as in English then) or f'p/ (as in English thin). Weak verbs are an innovation of the Germanc languages.
   
3. 
   by reduplication, eg sleep: slEpan - salslep - salslepum). Strong and weak verbs are a typical feature of all modern Germanc languages. (See also characterization of the Germanc language family)
   

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