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Morphemic analyses – the aim is to state the number and type of morphemes the word possess.
The procedure generally employed for the purposes of segmenting words into the constituent morphemes is the method of Immediate and Ultimate Constituents. This method is based on a binary principle, i.e. each stage of the procedure involves two components the word immediately breaks into. At each stage these two components are referred to as the Immediate Constituents (ICs). Each IC at the next stage of analysis is in turn broken into two smaller meaningful elements. The analysis is completed when we arrive at constituents incapable of further division, i.e. morphemes. In terms of the method employed these are referred to as the Ultimate Constituents (UCs). For example the noun friendliness is first segmented into the IC friendly recurring in the adjectives friendly-looking and friendly and the -ness found in a countless number of nouns, such as happiness, darkness, unselfishness, etc. The IC -ness is at the same time a UC of the noun, as it cannot be broken into any smaller elements possessing both sound-form and meaning. The IC friendly is next broken into the ICs friend-and -ly recurring in friendship, unfriendly, etc. on the one hand, and wifely, brotherly, etc., on the other. Needless to say that the ICs friend-and -ly are both UCs of the word under analysis.
The morphemic analysis according to the IC and UC may be carried out on the basis of two principles: the so-called root principle and the affix principle. According to the affix principle the segmentation of the word into its constituent morphemes is based on the identification of an affixational morpheme within a set of words; for example, the identification of the suffixational morpheme -less leads to the segmentation of words like useless, hopeless, merciless, etc., into the suffixational morpheme -less and the root-morphemes within a word-cluster; the identification of the root-morpheme agree- in the words agreeable, agreement, disagree makes it possible to split these words into the root -agree- and the affixational morphemes -able, -ment, dis-. As a rule, the application of one of these
10. Word-structure. Morphemic analysis of Eng words.
A structural word-formation analysis studies the structural correlation with other words, the structural rules on which words are built. 80% of words are not simple from the morphemic point of view. They consist of some morphemes.
The complex word structure is accounted by such factors as:
-word formation (boy-boyish=affixation)
-borrowing (anxious, tremulous)
2 types of analysis:
-morphemic
-derivational
All words according to the number their morphemes can be classified as:
-monomorphic:
-polymorphic:
- prefixal(overstudy)
- suffixal(teacher)
- prefixal-suffixal(superteacher)
-monoradical (with 1 root)
-polyradical (2 and more roots)
The aim of morph analysis is to state the type and number of the morphemes; by the type we mean prefixes, suffixes, combined forms, free/bound roots.
Requirements: we break the unit into 2 meaningful items and their some meaning must correlate with the main meaning.
-immediate constituents
-ultimate constituents
Difficulties:
-unique morphemes (cranberry, gooseberry, strawberry, blackberry, hamlet)
-pseudo morphemes (receive, perceive, deceive)
Types of word-segmentability:
-complete segmentability (segmentation into morphemes does not cause any doubt for structural or semantic reasons: teach-er, work-er)
-conditional segmentability (segmentatiom is doubtful for semantic reasons, as the segments(pseudo-morphemes) regularly occur)
-defective segmentability (segmentation is doubtful for structural reasons because one of the components (a unique morpheme) has a specific lex meaning but seldom /never occurs in other words
11. Derivational analyses.
The nature, type and arrangement of the ICs of the word is known as its derivative structure. According to the derivative structure all words fall into two big classes: simple, non-derived words and complexes or derivatives. Simplexes are words which derivationally cannot’ be segmented into ICs. Derivatives are words which depend on some other simpler lexical items that motivate them structurally and semantically, i.e. the meaning and the structure of the derivative is understood through the comparison with the meaning and the structure of the source word.
The basic elementary units of the derivative structure of words are: derivational bases, derivational affixes and derivational patterns. The relations between words with a common root but of different derivative structure are known as derivative relations. The derivative and derivative relations make the subject of study at the derivational level of analysis; it aims at establishing correlations between different types of words, the structural and semantic patterns words are built on, the study also enables one to understand how new words appear in the language.
Derivational base: is defined as the constituent to which a rule of word-formation is applied. Structurally derivational bases fall into three classes: 1) bases that coincide with morphological stems of different degrees of complexity, e.g. dutiful, dutifully; day-dream, to day-dream, daydreamer.
Derivationally the stems may be:
simple, which consist of only one, semantically non motivated constituent (pocket, motion, retain, horrible).
b) derived stems are semantically and structurally motivated, and are the results of the application of word-formation rules (girl – girlish, to weekend, to daydream)
c) compound stems are always binary and semantically motivated (match-box, letter-writer)
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