1. Introduction. State symbolic

«CANADA»
1. Introduction.
2.State symbolic
3. Economy
4. Economic districts of country
5. Historical and geographical features of development
6. Population
7. Features of formation of the Canadian nation
сanada economic population tradition

1.Introduction

Canada — the state in North America. Is a part of British commonwealth. North America occupies northern part of the continent and numerous islands adjoining it: Vankuver ,Queen Charlotte occupies northern part of the continent. Arctic archipelago, Newfoundland, Cape Breton island, Antikosti and prince Edward. Borders on the USA in the South and the northwest, in the north it is washed by waters of the Arctic Ocean, in the West — waters of the Pacific Ocean and in the East Atlantic Ocean. The area is nine thousand nine hundred seventy six thousand square kilometers. Population thirty and a half million people. The capital — the city of Ottawa. Canada shares on ten provinces which are subdivided into counties and districts, and two territories. Political system of Canada — a parliamentary monarchy. The head of state formally is the English king (queen) of Canada — one of the first dominions of Great Britain. The constitution consists of a large number of laws and the constitutional customs. The basic existing constitutional law — the Act of the British North America was adopted by English parliament in one thousand eight hundred sixty seventh. In a form of a state system Canada — federation. Functions of the head of state are carried out by the governor general appointed by the English king on the advice of the prime minister of Canada. The role of the governor general in political life is insignificant though formally he is chief executive, approves the bills adopted parliament. At the governor general there is a Privy Council (hundred thirty people) into which members of royal family, ministers, chairmen of chambers enter parliament and so on. The supreme body of legislature — parliament, consists from two chambers. The House of Commons is elected by the population for five years. In total in the senate hundred two members. The government of Canada — an office, consists of the prime minister and ministers — heads of leaders of the ministries (defense, foreign affairs, finance, trade and the industry). Ministers, as a rule — deputies of the House of Commons. The prime minister possesses very large powers, is the Supreme Commander armed forces. The royalty in provinces represent the lieutenant-governors, appointed by the governor general on representation of the government of Canada. In provinces there are legislative assemblies, as a rule, unicameral, chosen by the population no more than for 5 years, the governments of provinces are formed. Local self-government institutions — councils of counties and districts, municipalities are actually subordinated to governing bodies of provinces. The supreme judicial authority — the Supreme Court which nine members are appointed the governor general. The same way forms the Treasury court considering claims for affairs one of the parties in which is the state treasury. The supreme and local judicial authorities are created and in provinces.

2.State symbolic

And Quebec is widespread on the southern areas of the present Provinces of Ontario the well-known Canadian sugar maple – « acer saccharut » which leaf became a national emblem of Canada. In other territory of the country which gradually extended with accession of new provinces, the sugar maple doesn't grow, except for small Prince Edward Island. Why the sugar maple growing only in southeast Canada became national a symbol? It is connected in a certain degree with unique properties of this beautiful tree - one of the highest broad-leaved trees in the world. It is widespread just where the present French-Canadian and Anglo-Canadian nations and where, to this day, live the two third Canadians arose. In the fall this edge is as though captured by a flame: leaves of a sugar maple, as well as two other its Canadian types – red and silvery, get the improbably bright is red, purple, crimson color. From here red color of a maple leaf in the coat of arms and on a flag of Canada. However it is much more important than esthetic advantages economic value of a sugar maple, especially at the first stages of development of Canada is represented. It provided to Indians and the first French-Canadian settlers also the house, and I peep. This maple gave the most valuable business wood. The maple syrup made in To Canada, it is unique on the nutritious qualities, it is imported the USA, by Germany, France and other West European countries. In 1956 the modern flag the Canada-red leaf of a sugar maple on the white field bordered on the right and at the left with red strips was officially accepted. Having become an emblem on a national flag of the country. The maple leaf is considered now as a symbol not only originality and independence, but also unity of Canada.

3. Economy

General characteristic of economy. Canada-advanced industrial and agrarian country. Canada takes leading places on production of uranium, zinc ores and asbestos, nickel ores, potash salts. At the same time Canada — the large buyer of cars, the equipment and other finished goods of industrialized countries. The big role in economy of Canada is played by the foreign capital. Foreign monopolies supervise seventy percent mining and fifty seven manufacturing industries. Eighty percent of foreign investments in Canada belong USA. Canada is included in system of continuously becoming complicated global economy. Its involvement into the world economic activity it is very multidimensional. Canada could participate successfully in global division of labor to a great extent thanks to early start in construction of the economy which was based on manufacturing industry, industrial production and marketing. The economic success is in many respects connected with consumption of a huge number of energy. In this regard Canada-one of world leaders. The Canadian economy is well developed, covering the different parties. From extensive wheat fields in the West to the centers of high technologies in east cities. Canada shows so various structure of economic activity, as well as any other developed country of the world. Canada possesses a wide set of energy resources. Oil and natural gas get in the western provinces, investigation is constantly conducted in northern areas. In a number of areas coal represents an important power source. Wellbeing of Canada as and that it has considerable stocks of the hydroelectric power. The power-consuming industry of aluminum moved from fiftieth years on rather remote, but a coastal site rich with hydroenergy resources in British Columbia. In recent years considerable hydropower construction was carried out in Quebec. Development of the Canadian economy, is originally focused on a mining industry and agriculture, was accompanied by expansion of various manufacturing industry. Canada borders in the South and in the West on the USA. Slowness of borders (including Alaska) - eight thousand eight hundred ninety three kilometers. The frontier is very favorable as between the USA-advanced country which is a part of the Group of Eight and Canada exist close, favorable to Canada, trade relations.

4. Economic districts of country

The Central economic region is the largest industrial region of Canada. Here, passing ports of the Atlantic provinces, on a deep-water way of the river of Sacred Lavrenti there arrive ocean liners from Europe and Asia, here the largest international airports of Canada, including are connected by the regular line with our country - the Montreal airport Mirabelle plums. The central region occupies twenty six percent of the territory of Canada, but here lives sixty two percent of all Canadians, sixty three percent of all gross domestic product of the country, seventy five manufacturing industries are made. More than eighty percent of the population of the area live in the cities. Until recently in this area "all policy" became, more than hundred years it played a mother country role. In the last decades its economic political weight slowly, but considerably decreases, and everything acts division, even split of the central region on two half Quebec and Ontario, with dissimilar economic structure and growing political contradictions more distinctly. In the last decades its economic political weight slowly, but considerably decreases, and everything acts division, even split of the central region on two half – Quebec more distinctly and Ontario, with dissimilar economic structure and growing political contradictions. The distant West covering entirely the province the British Colombia-third on value the economic region of Canada. About ten percent of the territory, eleven percent of the population and twelve percent of industrial production of the country are the share of it. The territory of the Distant West stretches from border with the USA in the south to Alaska and the North-West Territories in the north, and from the coast of the Pacific Ocean on the West to border with steppe provinces in the east. Main richness of the area wood. This area is rich with mineral resources. The steppe area covering the Canadian part of the Great Plains, is the share of the one fifth part of the territory of Canada. Here lives alone the sixth population and it is made the one fifth industrial output of the country. Here are got: oil, gas, nickel, potash salts, polymetals. The steppe area began to be guided by a foreign market less. The leading role in this area is kept by agriculture. The largest city and center of the steppe area Winnipeg. In Canada the inland water transport is very developed. For transportation bigger parts of freights are used waterways. The tonnage of merchant marine fleet is rather insignificant as the majority of transportations is carried out by vessels under "convenient flags". The most part of midland routes passes through a deep-water way down the river Sacred Lavrenti, allowing sea vessels to come on four thousand kilometers into depth of the continent. The main transported goods – grain from port Tander Bey on the Top lake to ports on Sacred Lavrenti's river, and also iron in steel foundries of Canada and the USA. On the western coast a large number of the wood is transported on barges and tows. Both on western, and on east coasts there is a developed system of transportations. About the island of Newfoundland, there are extensive banks where enormous slip-ups of a cod accumulate. On banks annually catch more five hundred thousand tone of fish, that is half of the Canadian catch. Here come on trade and vessels of the USA, Japan, England, France, Spain. The island of Newfoundland is located at an entrance to one of the most important waterways of North America — Sacred Lavrenti's river. On the island it isn't enough cities. The main part of the population lives in the fishing settlements scattered on the coast. The coast of the Atlantic Ocean is connected to the Great Lakes by Sacred Lavrenti's river — an important transport way, but thresholds disturbed pass of sea vessels from the ocean to lakes. Down the river to the Great Lakes there are sea vessels. On this water highway take out freights from Canada and industrial regions of the northeast of the USA. Unlike the majority of the developed countries for which are most characteristic universal ports, in Canada, as in developing countries, Australia and The Republic of South Africa, ports are narrowly specialized on export of oil, ore, coal. Ports of Canada largest on goods turnover: Vancouver, Montreal, Thunder Bay,Halifax, Quebec, Seth-or.

5. Historical and geographical features of development

Natives of France, lodged in the beginning were the first colonists of Canada the seventeenth century on river banks of Sacred Lavrenti. Canada at that time was called as Nova France. The French trading companies based here trading stations and quickly grew rich, buying up for nothing at Indians of a skin of valuable fur animals. Fur riches of Canada drew attention and British. Between groups of British and French constantly there were armed conflicts. The competing fur and fur companies tried deception and bribery to win round Indian tribes, kindled between them hostility. The indigenous people was pushed aside to deaf areas and died out. Now Indians and Eskimos slightly more than one percent of the population. As soon as the USA gained independence, they began to be lost in contemplation of the English colonies. In one thousand eight hundred forty sixth it was established that the forty ninth parallel becomes border between the USA and Canada. But also after that there were armed conflicts because of the Canadian lands. To protect the colonies in North America, England needed to unite them politically and economically. For this purpose in one thousand eight hundred sixty seventh them transformed to federation — one of the first dominions of Great Britain. The government of England encouraged emigration from the mother country to Canada. In one thousand eight hundred eighty fifth the Atlantic and Pacific coasts were connected by the transcanadian railroad. In Canada the American methods of development of capitalism gained distribution in agriculture. In fertile steppe provinces the system of the almost free was applied distributions to immigrants of the big land plots. At the beginning of the twentieth century Canada turned into the largest supplier of wheat to the world market.After railway construction and settling of prairies development of mineral and power richness of the country began. At the beginning of the twentieth century the American and English companies constructed here the first mines, hydroelectric power stations, pulp-and-paper and steel works. Canada became one of the largest producers of non-ferrous metals: aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, copper, wood pulp, newsprint, timber. From one thousand nine hundred third to one thousand nine hundred fourteenth to Canada arrived two and a half million new settlers. Except British among them there were natives of Germany, from the Scandinavian Peninsula, from the former Austro-Hungary, from imperial Russia and other countries. Now English-Canadian — about the one second the population, French-Canadian — more the one fourth. Here lives very many Germans, Italians, Ukrainians, Dutches.

6. Population

The population of Canada totals only thirty million people, and its most part lives on a narrow strip along border with the USA hundred sixty kilometers wide and of six thousand kilometers. To population growth equally immigration and natural increase of the population promotes. Canada represents about zero whole five tenth percent of the population of the globe. According to the experts, in two thousand twenty sixth Canada will total thirty six million inhabitants. The majority of the Canadians, seventy six percent, live in the cities, and twenty three - in rural districts. According to the last population census, thirty one percent of the population of Canada live in three largest cities of the country - Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Life expectancy in Canada - seventy four years for men and eighty one years for women. It is one of the highest rates in the world. Statistically, the average size of a family is equal in Canada three persons in which one child is included. The size of a family remains invariable since one thousand nine hundred ninety first.

7. Features of formation of the Canadian nation

Canada - the country of immigrants therefore problems between various nationalities, old and new immigrants, descendants of Europeans and North American Indians, and also, of course, dissonance between French-and Anglo-are inherent in it speaking Canadians. In the ancient time Canada was populated with Indian and Eskimo tribes,come from Asia through the Bering Strait. In Canada over two honeycomb forty thousand Indians, mohawks, athabascans. The majority of Indians lives in reservations. On the Arctic coast about seventeen thousand Eskimos are settled. At the beginning of the twentieth century the main flow of immigrants arrived from Western Europe, but since recent time the number of immigrants natives from the countries of Asia, the Caribbean Basin and the USA began to increase. About thirty five percent of the population of Canada aren't descendants of British or French. Among the most numerous ethnic groups there are Germans, Italians, Ukrainians, Danes, Scandinavians, North American Indians, Poles, Chinese, Jews, Africans, Hungarians, Greeks, Yugoslavs, Spaniards and Russians. In the Canadian system of secondary education training of children in culture of other people is provided. In it them train in an unostentatious form of games, discussions, movies and excursions that broadens horizons of children and helps to understand and communicate with representatives of other people better. Languages, except English and French, as a rule are studied in a house situation or in communication with contemporaries of the same nationality. Many ethnocultural groups, seeking to keep culture of the people far from the homeland, conduct various courses and excursions at which people study language and culture of the people. It is undoubted that the Canadian government appreciates as Canadians not in the first generation, so new immigrants as immigrants and constructed this country. Francophones and Anglophones deserve special attention of relationship between English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians who, having lived side by side not one century, didn't merge in the uniform nation, though managed to remain under a roof of one government. Everyone some years in Quebec are held a referendum on which the question of office of the province from other Canada is brought up, but here already two times didn't suffice separatists only one percent for a dream embodiment in reality. There are some reasons of mutual hostility of francophones and Anglophones, but the main, for certain, incompatibility of cultures is.

8.External migrations of the population

Favorable use of population shifts - a traditional way to increase the population, use of population shift allows to increase quantity of the qualified manpower and to expand the domestic market. In the twentieth century one thousand nine hundred thirteenth was immigration peak to Canada. Immigration fell down in the period of the Great Depression one thousand nine hundred thirtieth, but after World War II tens of thousands of homeless people from Europe were passed to the country, and in one thousand nine hundred seventieth to numerous refugees from Europe, Asia and Latin America were very glad in Canada. The Canadian immigration services didn't conduct a discrimination concerning ethnoses, however especially talented and having the capital for investments into the Canadian economy was preferred. Within the twentieth century the natural increase, instead of immigration, played crucial role in growth of the Canadian population. By one thousand nine hundred sixtieth the number of the been born inhabitants in a year increased by twenty people, and the number of the dead fell from ten person. According to experts of the UN, Canada wins first place in the world on "quality of life", developing of material well-being, comfort of environment, availability of education, medical care. Not without reason here seek to move not only inhabitants of the poor countries, but it is frequent also elderly rich Americans.

Can be the reasons of it are:
1 . Canada has open border with the USA that provides additional opportunities for work, life and rest.
2 . Unemployment in Canada doesn't exceed ten percent, inflation – two percent.
3 . For maintenance of a high standard of living Canada seeks to provide itself with highly skilled workers. It is considered that by two thousand fifth forty percent of new workplaces of such personnel which has not less than sixteen years of education and training.
4 . Canada has one of the highest standards of living. Canada makes a set in army only on a voluntary basis.

9. Religion

Religion: Catholics – forty six percent, Protestants – forty one percent, orthodox – two percent, Muslims – one percent, Jews – one percent. The combination of the facts of environment considerably defines types of moving of the person. No wonder that at high-altitude position of Canada and continentality of its climate the most part of the population concentrates in the most southern regions of the country.

10. Placement and moving

Areas of moving in Canada precisely coincide with the climatic zones lying to the South from extensive subarctic area and the tundra. Population of provinces of Albert. In Albert's province lives two million Canadians, whose roots it isn't so easy to track. About one one thousand eight hundred eightieth the province was occupied generally by aboriginals of North America, but after them settlers from the West European countries outnumbered. In one thousand eight hundred eighty first in the territory which became later Alberta, one thousand natives of Europe lived hardly. Ten years later their number exceeded seventeen thousand. During a wave immigration in one thousand nine hundred twentieth which was encouraged actively by the government of Canada, to the province there arrived immigrants from the European countries therefore in one thousand nine hundred twentieth in it lived nearly five hundred eighty five thousand people. After World War II the situation changed radically. Since the beginning of the sixtieth years of the twentieth century natives of the majority of the countries of the world settled in Albert, including Asia and the Caribbean islands. Today only forty four percent of inhabitants of Alberta -descendants of the British settlers, other large ethnic groups are Germans, Ukrainians, French, Scandinavians and Danes. According to census the population in one thousand nine hundred ninety first, about hundred fifty thousand inhabitants of the province were representatives of the northern people or metises. Not numerous ethnic groups make the remained twenty four percent of the population. In Albert speak in English. About two thirds of the population of the province are younger than forty years that does to Albert by one of the youngest provinces in the developed countries. To it, in particular, high level of immigration of young professionals from other countries of the world promotes. About eighty percent of all inhabitants of Alberta live in the cities and suburbs, and more than a half lives in two largest cities of the province- Edmonton and Calgary.

British Columbia. The majority of inhabitants of British Columbia – descendants the first settlers from the British Isles, however the population of the province are made by immigrants practically all nationalities. More than hundred thousand inhabitants of the province - descendants of thousands Chinese who took part in railroad construction in the territory of British Columbia at the end of the nineteenth century. In addition to it, more than sixty thousand inhabitants of the province a sort from India, and about sixteen thousand - from Japan. The number of representatives of indigenous people of the continent began to grow considerably in recent years and in one thousand nine hundred ninety first passed for hundred sixty five thousand people. British Columbia continues to attract immigrants: more than forty thousand people settle in the province every year therefore its population totals more than four million people - twelve percent of all population of Canada. Nearly sixty percent of all inhabitants live in Victoria and Vancouver, and also their suburbs. In Vancouver nearly two million inhabitants are is a third largest city of Canada.
MANITOBA. For many years the population of Manitoba consisted generally of natives from the British Isles, however the new immigration policy changed a ratio of nationalities and now it is possible to find representatives of the majority of people of the world in the province. In Manitoba also lives a large number of French-speaking Canadians. Though Manitoba - one of the most sparsely populated provinces of Canada, it is the important center of several ethnic groups. For example, in Manitoba there lives the most large number of Ukrainians outside Ukraine. More than hundred fifteen thousand inhabitants of the province - Indians or metises. About sixty percent of all population of Manitoba live in the capital - Winnipeg. The second-large city, Brandon, is located in the southwest of the province.
NEW - BRANSVIK. The population of New Bransvika exceeds seven hundred fifty thousand people. In it lives about thirty five percent of French-speaking Canadians, and it is the only officially bilingual province of Canada. The first settlers of New Bransvika arrived from France, England, Scotland and Ireland, and after and from Germany, the Scandinavian countries and Asia. The municipal district New Denmark brags of the most numerous Danish colony in North America. Indians in the province total only twelve thousand people. The coast and valleys of the rivers of the province are especially occupied. Sacred John - the largest city of the province which Moncton and Fredericton, the capital of New Bransvika follow.
NOVAYA ZEMLYA. Inhabitants of Novaya Zemlya - ancestors of natives of southwest England and the southern Ireland who immigrated to the province at the end of the eighteenth - the beginning of the nineteenth centuries. Land development generally depended on fishery places, and this order remains and to this day: the peninsula of Avalon and northwest part of Novaya Zemlya remain the most occupied territories provinces.Sacred John, the island capital - the largest city of the province with the population exceeding hundred seventy two thousand people.
NOVA SCOTIA. More than eighty percent of the population of Nova Scotia rank themselves as descendants of inhabitants of the British Isles. On the second place there are French - about eighteen percent of inhabitants, and the remained two percent fall to the share of ethnic Germans, Danes, Poles, Italians and Jews. At the expense of immigration the number of Chinese, natives of Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe grows. About twenty two thousand inhabitants of Nova Scotia - Indians. In Halifax and its suburbs there live about three honeycomb twenty thousand all inhabitants of the province, and in Sydney - about hundred sixteen thousand. Severo - the Western Territories. Today in the North-West Territories lives about forty thousand people from which only forty eight percent belong to the northern people. The majority of inhabitants of the territory live in small communities. Ellounayf, the territory capital, totals only fifteen thousand inhabitants.
ONTARIO. Since one thousand seven hundred seventy ninth of a wave of settlers from England, to Scotland and Ireland followed one after another, mastering new territories in a valley of the river of Sacred Lavrenti and occupying the country. To this day, immigration plays an important role in growth of the population and welfare of Ontario where now live big groups of the Italian, German, Chinese, Danish, Portuguese, Indian and Polish origin. In one thousand nine hundred ninetieth in the province nearly two hundred fifty thousand Indians and metises were. Ontario is the most occupied province in Canada - in it there live about eleven million people. In spite of the fact that English - the most widespread language in Ontario, francophones play an important role in cultural life of the province and are the most numerous language minority.
ISLAND PRINCE-EDWARD. In one thousand nine hundred ninety sixth the Island population the Prince-Edward made a little more than hundred thirty six thousand people. From this counting sixty two percent live in rural areas. Charlottetown, with the population in thirty three thousand people - the only city. About eighty percent of the population - descendants of Irish and Scots. About fifteen percent - French on nationalities, but only five percent of the population of the province are considered by French as the native language. The population of the island quite young - thirty eight percent of all inhabitants didn't reach twenty five years.
QUEBEC. From seven million inhabitants, five - the French, only three hundred fifty thousand - natives from the British Isles and about hundred thirty seven thousand - Indians and metises. Italians and natives of Eastern Europe make the largest ethnic minorities in Quebec, however from sixtieth years of the twentieth century inflow of immigrants from Portugal, Haiti, the countries of Latin America and South East Asia considerably increased. Since World War II end to Quebec, especially to the largest city of the province Montreal, more than six hundred fifty thousand immigrants from eighty countries of the world moved. In French eighty three percent of inhabitants of Quebec, in English - near talk seventeen percent.
SASKATCHEVAN. Metises, descendants of Europeans and Indians, were among the first settlers in the province, many of which got over to Saskatchevan from Manitoba. Thanks to the cheap earth the agriculture gradually forced out trade in bellows. The considerable wave of immigration to the province began in the one thousand eight hundred ninety ninth to year also ended in one thousand nine hundred twenty ninth. Today the population of the province makes more than one million people. Saskatchevan - the only province of Canada where the majority of inhabitants aren't descendants of British or Canadians. The largest ethnic groups are Germans, Ukrainians, Scandinavians, Danes, Poles and Russians. Redzhina and Saskatoon - two largest cities of the province in which lives nearly a third of all population of Saskatchevan.

Literature

1 . Big Soviet Encyclopedia, volume No. 11, edition 3

2 . N. G. Kuznetsov, G. G. Nesterov "Economic geography".
3 . Encyclopedia "Avanta +", volume "Countries. People. Civilizations".
4 . Yu.N.Gladky. S.B.Lavrov "Economic and social geography of the world".
5 . Kirill and Mefodiy's big encyclopedia.
6 . Tcherkasov A. I. "Many-sided Canada"
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