1. Intonation of Greetings

24. Irregular Preheads.

Among the various ways in which the whole intonation0group can be made liveier and more emotional is the Irregular Prehead.

In the High irregular Prehead all the syllables are said on a very high pitch, higher than the onset syllable. In the text the High Prehead is indicated by a pitch-mark.
In The Low Irregular Prehead all the syllables are said on a very low pitch, lower than the syllables at the end of the falling tone.
The Irr. Prehead (H or L) is never very long, it rarely contains more than 2 or 3 syllables.
The Low Prehead is most commonly used before a high static tones and before kinetic tones which begin on a higher pitch.
The High Prehead is commonly combined with emphatic tones, especially in tunes containing no head.
The exact modal-emotional meaning with the HPr depends on the nuclear tone.
-- In tunes with the nuclear EM/L Fall the HPr is used to express disapproval,indignation or insistence.
-- In tunes with ELR nuclear tone the HPr often adds a feeling od disagreement and impatience.
--When followed by the HER the HPr gives a feeling of extreme surprise.


25. Expressive means of English Intonation: Stress Reduction and Nuclear Tone-Shift.

When it is desired to reinforce (желаем укрепить) the semantic weight of the nuclear word it can be done:

By reducing or eliminating the prenuclear stresses, thus giving the nucleus greater relative prominence.
By using the so-called nuclear tone0shift, which means displacing the nuclear tone from its normal position – on the last notional word in an utterance – to a word at the beginning or in the middle of it. The effect of a departure from final position is that of special semantic prominence or contrast.
The effect of a contrastive tone-shift is always greater when the nuclear stress is given to a function
word or a pronoun.
Nuclear shifts are often combined with emphasis which increases the prominence of the word.