1. Flipped Instruction Description

Theoretical Link
Socio-Cultural Theory: Rogoff studied Guatemalan Indigenous teaching methods to come up with this approach. It fits under the socio-cultural theory because its emphasis is on social interaction between master and apprentice.
Example
Common in trade schools for students studying to be mechanics, engineers, etc.


12. Scaffolding
Definition
Scaffolding involves providing support to students while they cannot complete a task alone. Then, when the student can complete the task alone, the teacher withdraws their support.
Benefits

• 
  Students feel supported while learning tasks that are just outside of their grasp at the present time.
  
• 
  A clear way of guiding students towards new skills.
  

Challenges

• 
  May require a lot of one-to-one support, which can be difficult to provide in a classroom environment.
  

Theoretical Link
Socio-Cultural Theory: Scaffolding was invented by Jerome Bruner (not Vygotsky).
Example

1. 
   The teacher models a task before students try it themselves.
   
2. 
   The teacher provides the student with a visual aid (the scaffold, in this instance) that breaks the task down into small parts.
   
3. 
   After 15 minutes of practice with the visual aid, the aid is withdrawn and the students try the task alone.
   

13. Direct Instruction (A.K.A Explicit Teaching)
Definition

Direct instruction (also known as explicit teaching) is a teacher-centered approach that involves the teacher using simple straightforward language to explain concepts to students.

Benefits

• 
  Provides clear and direct knowledge to students
  
• 
  Is sometimes the only way to teach something, particularly when introducing a new idea.
  

Challenges

• 
  Students cannot consolidate their knowledge with direct instruction alone. Explicit teaching should be followed-up with other teaching strategies that involve more active learning so students can practice and demonstrate their knowledge.