1 course 2 term Lesson 1 Theme: The modal verb: must. Interrogative negative sententences. Text: Tashkent. Ingliz tilida keraklilik, shartlilikni berilishi. (Must). Must modal fe'li

Lesson 9 Theme: Possesive pronouns.

KISHILIK OLMOSHLARI	EGALIK OLMOSHLARI
I -men you - sen he -u(M.p.) she -u(at.p) it - u (c.p.)	Sifatli shakli	Mustaqil shakli
	my - mening your -sening his - uning her - uning its - uning	mine - meniki yours - seniki his - uniki hers - uniki its - uniki
we - biz you - siz(Iar) they - ular	our - bizning your - sizning their - ularning	ours - bizniki yours -siz(lar)niki theirs - ularniki

Egalik olmoshlarining mustaqil (absolyut) shakli. Egalik olmoshlarining ingliz tilida ikki xil. shakli bor: sifatli shakl, xuddi sifat kabi ot oldidan aniqlovchi vazifasida ishlatiladi va mustaqil (absolyut) shakl, ot o'rniga mustaqil tarzda gapda ega, ot kesim, to'ldiruvchi va boshqa vazifalarda ishlatiladi

Here's my exercise-book, where is yours? Mening daftarim bu yerda, seniki qayerda?

A friend of mine told me about it yesterday.

Kecha do'stlarimdan bin menga bu haqida aytdi. We met an old friend of his at the theatre yesterday. Kecha biz teatrda uning qadrdon do'slaridan birini uchratdik.

E s 1 a t m a 1 : a friend of mine so'z birikmasi do'stlarimdan biri ma'nosini beradi, my friend esa mening do'stim ma'nosini berib undan so'ng kopincha atoqli ot keladi. Taqqoslang: A friend of mine came to see me yesterday. Do'stlarimdan biri kecha meni ko'rgani keldi. My friend Peter and I love Chaikovski. Men bilan do'stim Peter Chaykovskining musiqasini sevamiz.

E s 1 a t m a 2: of mine, of his va hokazolar, ko'pincha gapda tushirib qoldiriladi, agar vaziyatdan kimnidir do'sti haqida gap borayotgani ma'lum bo'lsa:

He met an old friend on his way home. Uyga ketayotib u qadrdon do'stini uchratib qoldi. She's going to see a friend tomorrow morning.

Ertaga ertalab u do'stlaridan birinikiga bormoqchi.

Biroq: When I was away in the South on holiday, I met a friend of yours and we talked a lot about you.

Janubda dam olganimda men do'stlaringizdan birini uchratdim, va biz siz haqingizda ko'p gaplashdik.

Eslatma 3: O'z bek tilidagi o'z olmoshiga mos olmosh ingliz tilida yo'q. Shuning uchun uni ingliz tiliga gapning egasi shaxsiga mos egalik olmoshi bilan tarjima qilinadi.
Taqqoslang: Mening ruchkam yomon. My pen is bad one.

Menga o'zingizning (sizning) ruchkangizni Will you give me yours, please?

berib turing, iltimos.


Lesson 10 Theme: Request and order in inderect speech.
Maxsus so'roq gaplar o'zlashtirma gapda. Maxsus so'roq gaplar

o'zlashtirma gapda to ask fe'li bilan kiritilib, to'ldiruvcbi ergash gap bo'lib keladi. Bog'lovchi olmosh yoki ravish bo'lib so'roq so'zning o'zi keladi. Bog'lovchidan so'ng so'zni tartibi xuddi darak gapdagidek. O'zlashtirma gapda do tushib qoladi.

He asked me where I came from. U mendan qayerdanligimni so'radi.

He asked us what we should do if we didn't get tickets. U bizdan bilet ololmasak nima qihshimizni so'radi.

Agar to ask fe'li o'tgan zamonda kelsa, zamonlar moslashuvi qoidasiga amal qilinadi.

Text: My future profession

Finishing school is the beginning of the independent life for millions of school leavers.Many roads are opened before them: vocational and technical schools, institutes and universities. But it is not an

easy thing to choose a profession out of more than 2,000 existing in the world. Some pupils follow the advice of their parents, others can't decide even after leaving school.
As for me, I made my choice long ago. I want to become a teacher of the Uzbek language and literature. My choice of this occupation didn't come as a sudden flash. During all school years literature was my favourite subject. I've read a lot of books by Uzbek and foreign writers.

I understand that reading books helps people in self-education and in dfjjft solving different life problems. I would like to teach my pupils to Mi enjoy reading, to encourage them to learn our national language and W literature, which is the source of national culture. It is known that teaching is a very specific and difficult job. It

shouldn't be taken easily. The teacher is a person who is learning as well as teaching all

his life. Most jobs can be done within the usual office hours from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m., but teacher's work is never done

and evenings- ate usually spent in marking exercise-books and _, preparing for the next lesson.

Teachers do not only teach their subjects. They develop their pupils' intellect, form their views and characters, their attitudes to life and to 7 other people. Ifs a great responsibility and the teacher must be a model of competence himself. It's not as easy as it may seem at first But I think that love for children combined with the knowledge I'll get at the g^ University would be quite enough to succeed in my work. I'm applying V to the philological department and I am sure my dream will come true

sooner or later.

Lesson 11 Theme: The Past Cont. Tense. Text: The National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

O'tgan Zamon Davom (O'ZD) fe'li (The Past Continuous Tense).

1. 
   O'tgan Zamon Davom fe'li to be ko'makchi fe'lining o'tgan zamondagi shakli (was, were) va asosiy fe'lning sifatdosh I shakli (- ing) yordamida yasaladi.
   

I was writing a letter to my sister at seven o'clock Men soat yettida singlimga xat yozayotgan edim.

What were you doing at five yesterday? Kecha soat beshda nima qilayotgan eding? They were having dinner when I came. Men kelganda ular tushlik qilishayotgan ekan.

2. 
   Ishlatilishi. O'tgan Zamon Davom fe'li quyidagi hollarda ishlatiladi:
   

1) O'tgan zamonda aniq bir paytda bo'lib o'tayotgan ish harakatni ifodalaydi. Bu payt ikki xil ko'rsatiladi:

1. 
   Aniq vaqt, soat ko'rsatilishi orqali:
   

I was waiting for you at ten o'clock yesterday. Men seni kecha soat o'nda kutayotgan edim. Why didn't you come? Nega kelmading?

2. 
   O'tgan zamondagi ish harakat bilan.
   

My son was doing his lessons when his friend came to see him. Do'sti kelganda, o'g'lim dars qilayotgan edi.

What were you doing when I came In? Men kirganda nima qilayotgan eding? Eslatma. O'tgan Zamon Davom fe'li o'zbek tiliga -yotgan edi deb tarjima qilinadi.

2) O'tgan zamondagi ma'lum bir paytdagi holat, vaziyatni tasvirlashda, hikoya boshlanishida, fon (voqea, hodisa ro'y beradigan muhit, tevarak atrof)ni tasvirlashda

ishlatiladi:

I went out. There were a lot of people in the street. Some of them were hurrying home from work. A boy was walking across the street with an evening paper in his hand. Some other children were playing near then-house. An old woman was walking to the park with a little girl I went to the park, too, and sat down on a bench.

Men ko'chaga chiqdim. Ko'chada odam ko'p edi. Ba'zilar ishdan uyga shoshilishardi. Oqshom gazetasini ko'tarib olgan bola ko'chadan o'tardi. Bir necha boshqa bolalar o'z uylari oldida o'ynashardi. Bir keksa ayol bir qizaloq bilan hiyobon tomon borardi. Men ham hiyobonga borib bir o'rindiqqa o'tirdim.

Last night we stayed at home. We didn't want to go to the cinema or to the park. My wife was playing the piano, I was playing chess with my son, my little daughter was building a toy house on the sofa. We heard a knock at the door and I went to open it...

Kecha oqshom biz uyda edik. Biz kinoga ham, hiyobonga ham borishni hohlamadik. Xotinim pianino chalardi. O'g'lim bilan men shaxmat o'ynardik. Kichkina qizim esa divanda o'yinchoq uy yasardi. Biz eshik taqillaganini eshitdik va uni ochgani bordim...

Kelasi Zamon Davom (KZD) fe'li (The Future Continuous Tense).

1 Kelasi Zamon Davom fe'li to be ko'makchi fe'lining kelasi zamondagi shakli shall (will) be va asosiy fe'lning sifatdosh I (- ing) shakli yordamida yasaladi. What will you be doing tomorrow? Ertaga nima qilayotgan bolasan? They will not be playing chess at 12 on Sunday, they will be in the park. Ular yakshanba kuni soat 12 da shaxmat o'ynayotgan bo'lishmaydi, ular hiyobonda bolishadi.

2. Kelasi Zamon Davom fe'li quyidagi hollarda ishlatiladi:

1) Gapda payt holi bormi yoki u faqat nazarda tutilganligiga qaramasdan yaqin yoki uzoq kelajakdagi

ish harakatni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi:

What time-will you be coming home? Uyga qachon kelasiz? (bugun nazarda tutilyapti)

He won't be coming to our place this month. Bu oy u biznikiga kelmaydi.

Bu shakl qo'shimcha ma'noga (niyat, xohish, qat'iylik va boshqa ma'nolarni ifodalamaydi) ega emas. U faqat ish harakat kelasi zamonda bo'lib o'tishini bildiradi.

Yaqin kelajakdagi ish harakatni ifodalashda, ayniqsa payt holi ko'rsatilganda, gapda Hozitgi zamon Davom fe'li (Present Continuous) ishlatiladi. Kelasi Zamon Oddiy fe'li (Future Indefinite) uzoq kelajakdagi ish harakat yoki shart va payt ergash gaplari bilan kelgan ish harakat, yoki bo'lmasa, gapda eumon, ehtimollik, taxmm vs. boshaqa ma'nolar ifodalanganda ishlatiladi. Taqqoslang :

I'll be meeting him tomorrow. Biz u bilan ertaga uchrashamiz.

(biz uchrashishimiz tabiiy, chunki biz birga ishlaymiz), I'm meeting him tomorrow. Biz u bilan ertaga uchrashamiz.

(oldindan rejalashtirilgan ish harakat — uchrashuv haqida kelishuv bor)

I shall meet him some day. Biz u bilan qachondir uchrashamiz.

(uzoq, noaniq kelajakda) Eslatma: KZD da ko'pincha to see fe'li uchratmoq ma'nosida ishlatiladi. I shall be seeing him tomorrow. Biz u bilan ertaga uchrashamiz.

2. Kelasi zamondagi aniq bir paytda davom etadigan (etayotgan) ish harakatni ifodalashda ishlatiladi. Bu payt vaziyatdan aniq bo'lishi mumkin yoki aniq ko'rsatiladi:

1. 
   Kelajakdagi vaqt (soat) aniq ko'rsatiladi:
   

I shall be doing my homework at eight, o'clock tomorrow, again. Men darslarimni yana ertaga soat sakkizda qilaman.

2. 
   Biror ish harakatga nisbatan davom etayotgan bo'ladi, ko'pincha payt va shart ergash gaplarda.
   

I shall be working when you come to see me.

Sen meni ko'rgani kelganingda men ishlayotgan bo'laman.

If you come back at 11, I'll still be working.

Agar siz 11 da qaytsangiz, men hali ham ishlayotgan bo'laman.

He'll be taking his exam next week. Kelasi hafta u imtihon topshiradi.



Lesson 12 Theme: Request and order in inderect speech.

Buyruq yoki iltimosni o'zlashtirma gapda berilishi.

Buyruq yoki iltimos o'zlashtirma gapda to ask, to tell, to order (buyurmoq) fe'llari bilan kiritiladi va fe'lning bo'lishli yoki bo'lishsiz infinitiv shakli bilan ifodalanadi (to go, not to go). Agar ko'chirma gapda buyruq yoki iltimos kimga qaratilgani ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa, o'zlashtirma gapda uni vaziyatdan ma'lum bo'lgan ot yoki olmosh bilan berib ketish kerak.

Taqqoslang: Fie said, "Please go away". He asked her to go away. She said, "Stop making that noise." She told me to stop making that noise. She said, "Don't come tomorrow, please,

as I won't be here." She told me not to come (the) next day as she wouldn't be there.

U dedi: «Marhamat ketavering». U uni ketishini so'radi. U dedi: «Shovqinni bas qiling». U menga shovqinni to'xtatishni aytdi. U dedi: «Men bu yerda bo'lmaganim bois, iltimos, ertaga kelmang». U menga ertaga o'sha yerda bo'lmagani bois u yerga bormasligimni aytdi

Eslatma 1 : Quyidagi gaplarni farqiga e'tibor bering:

He asked me not to come at five.

U mendan soat beshda kelmasligimni so'radi. (= Soat 5 da kelmasligimni ogohlantirdi.) He didn't ask me to come at five.

U meni soat beshda kelishimni so'ramagandi. (= Men o'zim xohlab keldim.)

Eslatma 2. : Ingliz tilida buyruqni o'zlashtirma gapda berishning ko'proq ishtlatiladigan shakli bor.

Ayniqsa, buyruqni kirituvchi gap HZOda kelganda bu to say fe'li va undan keyin keluvchi ergash gap. Bu ergash gapda fe'l kesim to be + infmitiv bilan beriladi.

Ko'chirma gapda:

He says, "Meet me at the station ". U dedi: «Meni bekatda kutib oling».

O'zlashtirma gapda:

1. 
   He tells us to meet him at the station. 1) Uni bekatda kutib olishimizni aytdi. He says that we are to meet him at the station. 2) Uni bekatda kutib olishimizni aytdi.
   

(to tell ga qaraganda oddiyroq shakl)

2. 
   Ikkinchi shakl buyruq uchinchi shaxs orqali berilganda ko'proq ishlatiladi.
   

He said that she was to leave at once. U uni hoziroq ketishi kerakligini aytdi.

Natija ergash gapli qo'shma gap. Natija ergash gap bosh gap mazmunidan kelib chiqadigan natijani ifodalaydi. U bosh gap bilan such ... that shu qadar, so... that shurting uchun bog'lovchilari yordamida bog'lanadi: The children made such a noise that I couldn't work.. Bolalar shu qadar to'polon qilishdiki,men ishlolmadim.

A tall man stood in front of me so that I Oldimga novcha kishi turib oldi, shuning couldn't see the picture well. uchun men rasmni ko'ra olmadim.

So kuchaytirish yuklamasi bosh gap tarkibiga kirib ketishi ham mumkin, such esa faqat bosh gap tarkibida keladi.

The book was so difficult that I couldn't read.. Kitob shu qadar qiyin ediki, men uni

o'qiy olmadim.

He spoke in such a low voice that we U shu qadar past ovozda gapirduki, biz

didn't (couldn't) hear him. uni eshitmadik.

Natija ergash gapda can modal fe'lini ko'p ishlatilishiga e'tibor bering. My friend was so busy yesterday that he couldn't go to the country with me. Kecha do'stim shu qadar band ediki, men bilan shahar chetiga chiqa olmadi.

Eslatma. Sodda gapda ravish yoki sifatni kuchaytirish uchun ingliz tilida very, most, that ishlatiladi. Otni kuchaytirish uchun esa this, like this, of this type (kind, sort) so'zlari ishlatiladi. I don't like this weather. (= I don't like bad weather like this.)

Men bunaqangi havoni yoqtirmayman.

This kind (this type) of machine(s) is not sold by us.

(= Machines of this type (of this kind) are not sold by us.) Biz bunaqa mashinalar sotmaymiz.

These are very difficult exercises. Bular shunaqa qiyin mashqlar.

These are very (= most) interesting books. Bular shunaqangi qiziq kitoblar.

The talk was most interesting. Ma'ruza shunaqa qiziq bo'ldiki!

Is it that important? Bu shunaqa muhimmi?

Lesson 13 Theme: Adjective degrees of comparison.

Sifat darajalari. Ingliz tilida sifatlar rod, son va kelishik kategoriyalariga ega emaslar. Ihgiiz ulida sifatlarning xuddi o'zbek tilidagidek 3 ta darajasi madjud: oddiy, qiyosiy va orttirma. Sifat darajalarining shakllari (bo'g'in soniga qarab) ikki xil yo'l bilan yasaladi.

1. Bir bo'g'inli va-y, -e, -er, -ow.harflari bilan tugallangan ikki bo'g'inli sifatlar

qiyosiy darajada-er [s] qo'shimchasini oladi, Orttirma darajada esa -est fist] oladi.

small - kichkina smaller - kichikroq smallest - eng kichik

easy - oson easier - osonroq easiest - eng oson

simple - sodda simpler - soddaroq simplest - eng sodda

narrow - tor . narrower - torroq narrowest - eng tor

2. Imlo qoidalari. -er va -est qo'shimchalari yordamida sifat darajalarini

yasashda quyidagilami esda tutish kerak:

a) agar sifat oddiy darajada o'qiknaydiga -e bilan tugallansa, -er va -est

qo'shimchalari olganda o'qilmaydigan -e tushib qoladi:

large - katta (keng) larg +er - kattaroq larg + est - eng katta

b) agar sifat oddiy darajada yagona undosh biian rugallanuvchi qisqa bo'g'indagi
unliga ega boisa, so'z axiridagi yagona undosh ikkiianadi:

big - katta big + g + er - kattaroq big + g + est - eng katta

c) agar sifat oddiy darajada undoshdan keyin keluvchi _ry bilan yakunlansa, -y -+ i

ga o'tadi:

busy - band busier fbizi3] - bandroq busiest ['biziist] - eng band

Biroq, unlidan keyin keluvchi -y o'zgarmaydi:

gay - quvnoq gayer ['geia] - quvnoqroq gayest ['geiist] - eng quvnoq

3. Ingliz tilida shunday sifatlar mavjudki ular o'z darajalarini o'ziga xos tarzda

yasaydilar. Bular good yaxshi, bad yomon, little kichik oz, many va much ko p, far

uzoq.

Oddiy daraja	Qiyosiy daraja	Orttirma daraja
yaxshi good yomon bad kichik little ko'p much far uzoq	better yaxshiroq Worse yomonroq less kichikroq more ko'proq further \ farther }	best eng yaxshi worst eng yomon l east eng kichik most eng ko'p furthest farthest

E s 1 a t m a : Ozroq ma'nosida ingliz tilida sanaladigan otlar bilan smaller, fewer ishlatiladi.

Oddiy daraja	Qiyosiy daraja	Orttirma daraja
active faol	more active faolroq less active faolsizroq	most active eng faol least active eng faolsiz
interesting qiziqarli	more interesting qiziqarliroq less interesting qiziqarsizroq	most interesting eng qiziqarli least interesting eng qiziqarsiz

E s 1 a t m a 1 : Orttirma darajadagi sifat bilan aniqlanib kelgan otiar aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi, agar biror olmosh talab qilinmasa. Moscow is the largest city in our Moskva mamlakalimizdagi eng katta

country. shahar.

My best friend lives in Leningrad. Men eng yaxshi do'stim Leningradda

yashaydi.

E s 1 a t m a 2 : Ba'zan orttirma darajadagi sifatdan keyin keluvchi ot tushirib qoldirilishi mumkin, shunda ham orttirma darajadagi sifat oldidan aniq artikl ishlatiladi. Chunki nazarda to'tilgan ot konteksdan ma'lum bo'ladi. The Moscow underground is the most Moskva metrosi dunyoda eng chiroylisi.

beautiful in the world.

E s 1 a t m a 3 : Qiyosiy darajadagi sifatlar bilan than (-ga qaraganda) bog'lovchisi ishlatiladi.

My son is younger than yours. Mening o' giim siznikidan yoshroq.

Eslatjna 4 : Agar than (-ga qaraganda) so'zidan so'ng III shaxs olmoshlari (he, she, they) kelsa, unda fe'llaming shu shaxslardagi tegishli shakli ham takrorianadi.

I have more English books, than she Menda unikidanko'proqkitoblarbor.

has.
We're taller than they are. Biz ulardan novch aroqmiz.

I'm busier thanie is. Men undan bandroqman.

Bofdiyu than dan so'ng I va II shaxs kishilik olmoshlari kelsa fe'l tushib qolishi

mumkin. Gg'zaki nutqda bundal o'miga me, we o'rniga us kelishi mumkin.
-- He has more time than I. (= than me) Uni mendan vaqti ko'proq.
I'm older than you. Mening sendan yoshim kattaroq.

She's younger than we. (= than us) U bizdan yoshroq.

Lesson 14 Theme: Impersonal sentence Text: Business
Ot shaxsi noma'lum gaplar. O'zbek tilidagi shaxsi noma'lum gapdan

ingliz tilidagi shaxsi noma'lum gapni farqi shuki, ingliz tilida doim ega bo'lishi kerak. Gapning egasi (bo'imaganda ham) - it - shartli ega ishlatiladi.

It is dark. Qorong'u. (ega). (kesim) Shaxsi noma'lum gap it olmoshi, to be ko'makchi fe'li va kesimning ot qismi ko'pincha sifatdan iborat bo'ladi. Kesimning ot qismi ot yoki son bilan ifodalanishi ham mumkin. Bunday shaxsi noma'lum gaplarni ot shaxsi noma'lum gap deyiladi. to be bog'lovchi fe'li tegishli zamonni ifodalaydi.: It's summer now.Hozir yoz.

It was nine o'clock when we got home. Biz uyga kelganda soat to'qqiz bo'lgandi. Bunday gaplar ko'pincha tabiat hodisasini, ob-havo holatini, vaqtni, masofani bildiradi.

So'roq gap shaklida to be egadan oldinga o'tadi. Bo'lishsiz shaklida not birinchi ko'makchi fe'ldan keyin keladi.

Is it winter now in that part of the country. Mamlakatning u qismida hozir qishmi?

It isn't spring yet. Hali bahor emas.

It wasn't dark yet when we got back.. Biz qaytganda hali qorong'u tushmagan edi.

It won't be cold in September, I hope. Sentyabrda sovuq bo'lmaydi deb umid qilaman.
business — biznes

mean — anglatmoq

economic activity — xo‘jalik faoliyati

bring profit — foyda keltirmoq

function — faoliyat ko‘rsatmoq

production of goods — tovar ishlab chiqarish

sell — sotmoq

servicing — xizmat ko‘rsatish

transport — transport

other fields of life — hayotning boshqa jabhalari

according to — ... ga binoan

sphere of conducting — xo‘jalik yuritish sohasi

economy

divide into — ... ga bo‘linmoq

large-scale — yirik

average (medium) — o‘rta

small — kichik

Exercise 2. Read the text and discuss it.

Text. ABOUT BUSINESS

«Business» is an English word. It means «delo» in

Russian, «faoliyat» in Uzbek. Business is an economic

activity which brings profit. Business is an activity

which functions in the production of goods and selling

them, servicing, transport and in the other fields of

life.

According to the sphere of conducting economy

business is divided into large-scale, average

(medium) and small.

Activity of business is people’s being engaged with a

public labour which is usefull for themselves and

society. People can perform this activity in the sphere

of production, services, transport and