1. Basic computer hardware

Electronic circuits:

The microprocessor controls the computer and does all the accounting work. The microprocessor has the ability to perform various operations quickly. Its speed can reach 100 million rpm and more. IBM PCs are usually equipped with microprocessors from Shteud and other related companies. (AMD,

Cyrix, IBM, etc.).

Microprocessor Intel 8088, 80286, 80386 SH, 80386 DX,

80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro and other types are available. The speed of microprocessors is determined by the clock frequency. One type of microprocessor can be manufactured with different clock frequencies. For this reason, the price and performance of a microprocessor will vary depending on the clock frequency. The clock frequency is measured in megahertz (Mgs). For example, a Pentium microprocessor with a clock frequency of 75 MHz to 200 MHz is being developed. The clock frequency indicates the speed of elementary operations inside the microprocessor. The clock frequency is displayed with the microprocessor model. For example: Pentium / 75 MGs.

Memory is used to store data and software, and they are divided into several types: random access memory. Cache memory, BIOS (permanent memory), CMOS (semi-permanent memory) and video memory.

Random access memory is an important part of a computer, from which the processor receives software, data to perform operations, and performs the operation and stores the result in it again. When the computer shuts down, the programs stored in the cache are lost. RAM (random acctss memory, that is, arbitrary access).

Depending on the size of the memory, it is possible to use this or that set of programs.

1 Mbytes - DOS 4 Mbytes - W - 3.1 16 Mbytes - W - 95

32 MB - W NT, LAN, Photoshop, Pentium 2, 3.

Cache memory - Used to increase computer performance. It is located between the RAM and the microprocessor and is fast.

Therefore, the most frequently used part of the computer memory is stored in a CASH memory. On Pentium 2 and 3 computers, the cache memory is 512 Kb.

Permanent memory - BIOS - Basic Input Output System - the main input-output system. The data in them is entered during the preparation of the chip. Such a memory can only be read. That is why it is called ROM (Read Only Memory). This memory is used to check the operation of computer hardware, to ensure the initial boot of the OS, to perform the basic functions of servicing devices. The BIOS will also contain the Setup program that saves the computer configuration. This program makes, for example, video controllers, hard disks and floppy disks, as well as setting passwords and other services. Called by the DEL key.

CMOS (semi-permanent memory) - semi-permanent memory that stores configuration parameters. Operates on low power with the help of special batteries. So the information in it will not be erased. Each time the SETUP program talks about the computer configuration, it makes changes to the CMOS characteristics, if necessary.

Video memory - it serves to store the image displayed on the monitor screen. Included in the video controller.

The largest board in a computer is the system board. This board consists of a flat plate and its chips, capacitors, connectors, etc., which are connected to each other by conductors. The motherboard will have a microprocessor, memory, buses, controllers.

Controllers are electronic circuits that control the various means and devices of a computer. All computers have keyboards, monitors, hard and floppy disk devices, and so on. On all modern computers, the controllers will be located on the motherboard. These are called integrated controllers.

In practice, each controller is housed on a separate board. These boards are connected to special connectors on the system board. As a result, the consumer is his own

can put hardware on your computer. (For example, you can connect a fax modem, sound card or TV).

The bus is used to transfer data between the RAM and the controller. Therefore, the controller board is connected to the bus when inserted into the motherboard connector. Modern computers have 2 types of tires. ISA and RCI

ISA - type bus, for slower speed controllers (keyboard, mouse, floppy devices, modem sound card, etc.).

RCI is a type of bus that transmits data through high-speed devices (hard drive, video controller, etc.).

The I / O port controllers are connected to the connector on the back panel of the computer via cables. Input-output ports are divided into the following types:

- parallel (ZE1 - ZE4), 25 mobile printers are connected;

- in series (SOM1 - SOM3) 9 and 25 mice, modems, etc. are connected;

The game port is connected to a joystick on a 1.5 cell connector.

A computer's power unit is a device that provides enough power to the devices and equipment in the main body of the computer. Its main functions are to power the vehicles, exchange air and cool the processor.

Hard Disk Drive (Hard Disk Driver).

A hard disk drive is used to permanently store computer programs and data.

These include OS programs, editors, software systems, applications, and so on. Winchester provides the fastest drive (7-20 milliseconds, ms) and read-write speeds of up to 5 MB, among other devices except OX.

The computer user can detect the hard drive mainly by 3 parameters. These are capacity, speed, interface. (HDD SEA CATE - 40-80-120-160, G8, VAHTOR - 40, 80, 120, 250, 200G8.).

Capacity - Specifies the amount of data that can be stored on a disk. While the first IBM RS computers had 5 MB of hard disk capacity, it has now increased from 800 MB to 1.6 GB, or even 2-4 GB. 500 MB hard drives are considered obsolete and are out of production. Winchester speed is characterized by motion and data read and write. On most computers, the disk drive is 1-12 ms, while on newer disks it is 7-8 ms. The hard drive will be connected to the controller mainly with an EIDE type interface. All computers have EIDE controls on the motherboard.

Floppy disks are used to transfer and store data from one computer to another. Floppy Disk Drives (FDD). The floppy disks are available in sizes 5.25 inches (1.33 mm) and 3.5 inches (89 mm).

3.5 floppy disk capacity 1.44 MB, 5.25 floppy disk capacity 3.60 Kbytes

The use of 3.5 MB floppy disks has been introduced in recent computers. Diskettes must be formatted before use (using a special program). When formatted, the damaged sections are marked as defective and no information is written there. The road is divided into sectors.

CDs. Can store up to 640 MB of data. CDs are mainly used for reading and are written to during the preparation of information. This information includes game complexes, encyclopedias, etc. If you have a sound card, you can listen to songs, movies, videos.

The laser discs are inserted into a CD ROM or DVD ROM drive. Reading of information is carried out by means of laser beams. Computer hardware and their principles of operation.

The mouse pointer is always present when we work in a Windows environment. At times, the indicator may change its appearance.

The following basic actions can be performed with the mouse:

- move the indicator to the desired position on the screen;

- release immediately by pressing the mouse button;

- Select an object by double-clicking the mouse.

Mouse and trackball. Mouse waterball is a coordinate device for entering information into a computer. They cannot completely replace the keyboard.

These devices basically have two or three control buttons.

A trackball is a device reminiscent of a "flipped" mouse.

In trackball, it is not the body but the balloon that moves.

This allows you to significantly increase the accuracy of cursor control.

Column. The speaker is a device that helps us to hear sound (sound) movies, music, special effects of the game while playing games, audio programs, special sound training files.

Modems and fax modems. A modem is a device that allows you to communicate with a computer and connect to the Internet through a telephone network.

A fax modem is a modem that allows you to receive and send facsimile messages.

Depending on its appearance and installation location, modems are divided into internal and external modems. Printers are divided into matrix (needle), spray (flow), laser, sublimation printers. Dot matrix printers are divided into printers depending on the number of needles (9, 24, 48). The greater the number of dots, the better the print quality. The principle of operation is to move the line along the line using the needles located on the printing device (head) and hit the paper with the desired number, symbol, etc. through the painted tape.

The principle of operation of spray printers. An image is created by spraying a tube of ink on a printing device. When the printing device moves horizontally and presses the icon that hits each line, when the line reaches the end, the paper is drawn in a row vertically, then the printing continues from the first character of the new line. Laser printers. The highest quality and fastest printers. These printers will have a drum. The data required for the image in the desired format is sent to the drum using computer commands, and the laser electrifies them and covers them with paint colors. The requested image is then printed on paper with one attempt. 3-15 seconds per page is enough.

Special printers are used for color printing. The best (similar to photographic quality) expressions are generated on Dye Sublimation printers.

Scanners. Scanners are devices designed to automatically enter text, images, slides, images, and other graphic information into a computer.

There are different models of scanners. The most common are tablet, color, and desktop scanners.

There are also many other peripherals of the personal computer. One of them is UPS. Because the current is variable, an increase or decrease in the normal voltage can cause the computer to malfunction. how many minutes is enough current

will have a source. During this time, we will be able to shut it down properly without damaging the computer devices

There are so many computer peripherals available today. The presence of the connection allows us to work to fully meet our demand while working on the computer.