* the recessive tendency

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32. Word stress and its classification

Word stress is an increase of energy, accompanied by an increase of expiratory and articulatory activity.
According to the articulatory means:
- dynamic (force) - intensity of articulation - Eng, Ru;
- musical (tonic) - change of pitch or musical tone - Chi, Jap;
- quantitative - changes in the quantity of the vowels (longer in stressed syllables);
- qualitative - changes in the quality of the vowel.
According to the degree of word stress:
- (UK) primary, secondary, weak;
- (US-Bloch-Trager) strong: loud, reduced loud, medial; weak;
- (US-others) primary, secondary (precedes primary one), tertiary (follows primary one), weak.
According to the position of word stress:
- fixed (restricted to a particular syllable in a multisyllabic word, Slovak - first);
- free (location is not confined to a specific position in the word);
- shifting (can change its position in diff. gramm. forms and derivatives);
- constant (remains in the same position).
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33. English word accentuation tendencies

Recessive T. - to stress the beginning of the word typical of Germanic languages (stress originally fell on the initial syllable or the 2nd syllable, or the root syllable w/ prefixes).
Unrestricted:
- native English words with no prefix (`mother, `daughter, `swallow, `carry),
- assimilated French borrowings (`reason, `colour).
Restricted:
English words with prefixes, some of which no longer exist (fore`see, with`draw, be`gin, a`part).
Rhythmical T. reflects the rhythm of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables. This tendency caused the appearance of the secondary stress in the multisyllabic French borrowings (,revo`lution, ,organi`zation, as,simi`lation). It also explains the placement of the primary stress on the third syllable from the end in three- and four-syllable words (`cinema, `situate, ar`ticulate).
Retentive T. - a derivative retains the stress of the parent word (`similar-as`similate). Sometimes in the derivative the primary stress of the original word turns into secondary stress (`demonstrate-`demonst`ration).