The eighth lesson. Grammar: types of questions; Type of interrogative question: General question

The eighth lesson.

GRAMMAR: TYPES OF QUESTIONS;
TYPES OF QUESTIONS; Type of interrogative question:

General question: Do people go swimming in summer? Yes, they do.

Alternative question: Do people go swimming or skiing in summer? They go swimming.

Disjunctive question: People go swimming in summer, don’t they? Yes, they do.

Special question

(a) Who goes swimming in summer? People do.

(b) What do people do in summer? They go swimming.

(c) Where do people go in summer? They go swimming to the swimming pool.

(d) When do people go swimming? They go swimming in summer.
Exercise I. Give all types of questions to the following statements using the given table.

1. Crowds of people are skating on the frozen ponds.

2. A merry group of schoolboys are having a fight with snowballs.

3. People like to make gardens and farmers plant crops in the fields in spring.

4. They go on picnics in the park or in the country.

5. In autumn leaves begin to fall from the trees.

6. They have vacations and go to the beach or to the mountains.

Общие и специальные вопросы

Общий вопрос не содержит вопросительного слова, всегда требует ответа «да» или «нет» и начинается со вспомогательного (модального) глагола или глагола-связки:

Is Great Britain rich in mineral resources? - Yes, it is.	Богата Великобритания природными ресурсами? - Да.
Can you speak English? No, I cannot.	Вы говорите по-англий­ски? Нет (не говорю).
Do you understand me? - Yes, I do. (No, I don’t.)	Ты понимаешь меня? Да. (Нет.)
Did he work hard? Yes, he did.	Он много работал? Да.
Have you got a brother? Yes, I have.	У тебя есть брат? Да (есть).

Ответы на общие вопросы обычно краткие. Краткая фор­ма ответа состоит из слова yesили по, подлежащего, выраженного соответствующим местоимением, вспомогательно­го (модального) глагола.

Например: Yes, I am. No, he isn't. Yes, they did и т.д
Порядок слов в общем вопросе

Вспомогатель­ный глагол	Подле­жащее	смысловой глагол или им. часть сказуемого	Второстепенные члены предложения			Обстоя­тельство
			Краткий ответ	Опре­деление к доп.	Дополне-ние
Does	he	read	English	articles?		Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
Did	the miner	learn	a foreign	language	at school?	Yes, he did. No, he didn’t
Was	he	a good pupil?				Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t
Have	you	(got)	many	friends	here?	Yes, I have. No, I haven’t
Can	he	speak		English	well?	Yes, he can. No, he can’t.

Давайте проследим логическую цепочку действий при образовании общего вопроса. Так как это всегда вопрос к сказуемому, то начинать надо с отыскания сказуемого в предложении. Признаком сказуемого может служить вспо­могательный или модальный глагол (to have, to be в разных формах, can, must, shall, will и др.). В предложении All our students can speak English вы легко находите сказуемое — сап + инфинитив speak (без частицы to). Теперь вернитесь на минуту к таблице «Порядок слов в общем вопросе»: в вопросе модальный глагол стоит перед подлежащим, а инфинитив основного глагола после подлежащего — они разделяются и ставят между собой подлежащее.

Итак, что у вас получи­лось?

Can all our students speak English?

Таков правильный ответ.

Теперь возьмем другое предложение: These scientists wrote the first textbook for geology students. В нем нет вспомогатель­ного или модального глагола. Как отыскать сказуемое? Вспом­ните о порядке слов. Предложение должно начинаться с «груп­пы подлежащего» (т.е. подлежащего и его определения) — это в данном случае these scientists, за ним должно следовать сказуемое — это wrote, форма прошедшего времени глагола to write. Для того чтобы построить общий вопрос, вам нужно ввести вспомогательный глагол.

В Present и Past Simple это могут быть глаголы do, does — did. Какой вы выберете? Это должен быть глагол did, так как сказуемое предложения сто­ит в Past Simple, основной же глагол будет стоять после под­лежащего в основной форме (инфинитив). Итак, как зву­чит ваш вопрос? Правильный вопрос: Did these scientists write (!) the first textbook...? Надеемся, вы теперь сумеете правиль­но построить общий вопрос к следующему предложению:

Оur teacher speaks English at the lessons.

Правильно построенный вопрос звучит так:

Does our teacher speak (!) English at the lessons?
Специальные вопросы относятся к какому-нибудь члену предложения (но не к сказуемому), начинаются с вопросительного слова или группы слов с вопросительным местоимением или наречием. Например:

where	где? куда?
when	когда?
who(m)	кто? кого? кому?
what	что? какой?
which	какой? если предоставляется выбор
what kind of...	какой?
whose	чей?
how	как?
how many (how much)	сколько?
why	почему?

Специальные вопросы всегда требуют полного ответа, в котором сообщается информация.

В вопросах к подлежащему и его определению сохраняется прямой порядок слов и не используются вспомогательные глаголы do, does, did

Порядок слов в вопросе к подлежащему

Подлежащее — вопросительное слово	Основной глагол	Второстепен­ные члены предложение	Ответ на вопрос
Who	work(s)	at the mine?	The miners do
Кто	работает	на шахте?	Шахтеры.
Whose book	is	on the table?	Mine.
Чья книга		на столе?	Моя
Who	speaks	English here?	I do. Jane does.
Кто	говорит	здесь по-английски?	Я. Джейн.

В вопросах к другим членам предложения за вопроситель­ным словом следует вспомогательный (или модальный) гла­гол, затем подлежащее, основной глагол (в форме инфини­тива без частицы to),затем второстепенные члены предло­жения.

Внимательно изучите примеры!

Порядок слов в специальном вопросе

Вопроси-­ тельное слово или группа слов	Вспомогатель­ный глагол	Подле-жащее	Основной глагол (в инфи­нитиве)	Второсте­ пенные члены предложе­ ния	Член предложе­ния, к которому задан вопрос
What	does	the manager	do	every morning?	Допол- нение
Что		менеджер	делает	каждое утро?
What kind of job	did	the manager	do	yesterday?	Опреде- ление до- полнения
Какую работу		менеджер	выполнял	вчера?
What coal	will	the mine	produce?		Опреде- ление до- полнения
Какой уголь		шахта	будет произво- дить?
When	do	you	get up	in the morning?	Обстоя- телъство времени
Когда		ты	встаешь	утром?
Where	did	you	buy the mining equipment?		Обстоя- телъство места
Где		вы	закупили	это горное оборудо- вание?

2. а) Составьте вопросы, ответами на которые являются следующие предложения.

1. Yes, they did. (The scientists carried out research in the field of geology and mining.)

2. No, there were not. (There were only a few higher mining schools in the country.)

3. No, it did not. (The Academy established close contacts with the coal and ore mining industries.)

4 . Yes, they did. (They took an active part in the development of heavy industry)
б) Прочитайте ответ на вопрос. Затем вставьте соответству­ющее вопросительное слово(what, who, why, where, when, which, how, how long, how old) в начале каждого предложения.

1. ... does the economy of the country depend on?

— On its fuel and energy resources.

2. ... are there large fuel and energy complexes? — In the eastern areas

3. ... discovered new deposits of brown coal? —Geologists did.

4. ... does the engineer get to the capital? —By air.

5. ... do you travel so much? — I like travelling.

6. …. did he stay in Great Britain? — Several months.

7. ... is your brother? — Twenty-one (years old)
Translate: Why is it difficult to learn a second language?

A good memory is a great help in learning a language.

Everybody learns his native language by remembering what he hears when he is a small child and some children who live abroad with their parents seem to learn two languages almost as easily as one.

At school it is not so easy to learn a second language, because the pupils have so little time for it, and they are busy with other subjects at that.

I. Can you answer these questions?

1. Why do you think it’s important to learn languages?

2. Why are you learning English?

3. Why do you think English is a difficult language to learn?

4. Would you like to learn Chinese?

5. Is your language easy for foreigners to learn?

II. Learn the proverbs by heart.

1. You cannot judge a tree by its bark.

2. When the fox preaches, take care of your geese.

3. Better be alone than in bad company.

4. Faults are thick where love is thin.
Exercise III.

Listen to the following extract and try to catch the main idea of it.

When two English people meet, their first words are “How do you do?” or “How are you?”. And after the reply “Very well, thank you, how are you?” the next remark is about the weather. “It is a lovely morning, isn’t it?” or “Isn’t it hot today?” and the other person replies, “Yes, it is wonderful weather we are having”.

Or perhaps the day is dull; it is raining a little, the sky is grey, and everyone is wearing a mackintosh or carrying an umbrella. Gradually it gets darker; a thick fog is spreading over London.

As one friend meets another, he says: “Isn’t it a beastly day?” “Yes,” replies the other, “the rain, I hate rain…”Then winter comes. There has been a good fall of snow and a hard frost.

The ground is like iron and rings under our feet, the frost sparkles on the branches, and the icicles hang from the houses. It is freezing hard and crowds of people are sliding and skating on the frozen ponds; and here a merry group of schoolboys are having a fight with snowballs.

It is very pleasant while the frost lasts; the unpleasant time comes when the thaw begins.

A few months have passed and it is a beautiful spring day. A heavy rain has fallen, but now the soft white clouds are floating across the sky, and the sun is shining brightly.
Exercise IV. Learn the antonymic words and make up sentences using them.

lovely - nasty (beastly) dull – bright warm – cool hot – cold mild – hard to freeze – to thaw (to melt)a thick fog – a thin fog the temperature rises – the temperature falls

it’s 6 degrees above zero – it’s 6 degrees below zero to rain heavily (cats and dogs) – to drizzle
Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. It consists of four parts: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. England, Wales and Scotland occupy the territory of Great Britain; Northern Ireland is situated in the northern part of Ireland.

The territory of United Kingdom is about 244.000 square kilometres; it’s the 75^th place among other countries in the world. The population is over 58 million people. About 80% of the population is urban. The capital of the country is London.

The surface of Great Britain varies greatly. The northern and western part of the country is mountainous and is called the Highlands. All the rest, south, east and centre is a vast plain which is called the Lowlands. The mountains are not very high.

The rivers are not long. The most important of them are the Severn and the Thames. There are many beautiful lakes in the mountainous parts of the country. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of Great Britain. It’s mild the whole year long.

Great Britain is a highly developed capitalist country.

It is known as one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of iron and steel products, machinery and electronics, chemicals and textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is ship building. Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs. The most famous educational centers are Oxford and Cambridge Universities. They are considered to be the intellectual centers of Europe. The education is not free, it is rather expensive.

The United Kingdom is a monarchy and the Queen is the head of the state. But in practice it is ruled by the elected government with a Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties. The Labour party is the ruling party nowadays.

Questions:

1. What is the official name of Great Britain?

2. Where is it situated? 3. What parts does it consist of?

4. What is the territory and the population of Great Britain?

5. What city is the capital of Great Britain?

6. What is the surface of the country?

7. What goods does the British industry produce?

8. What industrial cities are there in Great Britain?

9. What outstanding people of Great Britain do you know?

10. Are there any big educational establishments in Great Britain?

11. Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy, isn’t it?

12. What is the name of the Queen of Great Britain?

13. Is her power limited by Parliament?

14. How many chambers does the British Parliament consists of?

What are they?

15. What are the main political parties in Great Britain?

16. Who is the Prime Minister of Great Britain?

17. Which political party does he represent?

Finish the following sentences.

1. The United Kingdom consists of...

2. The British Parliament consists of...

3. There are the following political parties in Great Britain...

4. There are some famous educational establishments such as...

5. The United Kingdom is situated on...

6. The British Isles are washed by...

7. The Queen’s rights are limited by...

8. The territory of Great Britain is ...

9. The population is...

Are you agree or disagree with the next statements?

1. The English Channel separates England from France. On a clear day the French coast can be easily seen from the Downs.

2. The waters of the English Channel are very shallow, and there are many fishing villages along the coast.

3. The highest body of the state power in the United Kingdom is the Congress which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

4. Wales is one of the big mining districts in Great Britain. In the towns and villages of Wales you can see thousands of miners.


TESTS:

1. Great Britain is washed by … in the West.

A) the Arctic Ocean B) the Pacific Ocean

C ) the-Baltic Ocean D) the Atlantic Ocean

E) the Indian Ocean

2. What do working people call tea they have at eleven o'clock in the morning?

A) breakfast B) dinner C) lunch D) elevenses

3. Why does the lord Chancellor sit on a sack of wool?

A) he likes to sit on it B) he can't sit on hard seats

C) because the wool is the symbol of British wealth

D) it was fashionable to sit on a wool sack in old times

E) there isn’t any place left for him to sit.