Termin O’zbek tilidagi sharhi



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Termin

O’zbek tilidagi sharhi

Rus tilidagi

sharhi

Ingliz tilidagi sharhi

Organik kimyo

uglerod saqlagan birikmalarning kimyosi

Organicheskaya ximiya – ximiya soedineniy ugleroda

Organic chemistry the study of carbon

compounds.



Gomolog

gomologik qatorining vakili

Gomolog – predstavitelь gomologicheskogo ryada

Homolog a member of homologous series

Gomologik qator

bir necha CH2 guruhi bilan farqi bo’lgan birikmalarning qatori

Gomologicheskiy ryad - ryad soedineniy, v kotorom kajdыy posleduyuщiy

predstavitelь otlichaetsya ot predыduщego na gruppu SN2.



Homologous series a family of compounds in which each member differs from the next by one methylene group

Radikal

bitta elektron yo’q bo’lgan guruh (atom)

Radikal – gruppa atomov ili atom bez odnogo elektrona

Radical a species that has an odd number of electrons

Izomerlar

sifat va miqdor jihatdan bir xil tarkibga ega bo’lgan faqat kimyoviy yoki fazoviy tuzilishi bilan farq qiladigan, shunga ko’ra xossalari ham har xil bo’lgan birikmalar

Izomerы – soedineniya s odinakovыm elementnыm sostavom, molekulyarnoy massoy, no otlichayuщiesya stroeniem.

Isomers compounds that have the same

molecular formula but different structures.



Fazoviy izomerlar (stereoizomer-lar)

tarkibi va kimyoviy tuzilishi bir xil bo’lgan faqat fazoda atomlarning o’zaro joylashishi bilan bir-biridan farq qiladigan birikmalar

Prostranstvennыe izomerы (stereoizomerы) – soedineniya s odinakovыm sostavom i ximicheskim stroeniem, no otlichayuщiesya po raspolojeniyu atomov v prostranstve.

Stereoisomers isomers that have their atoms connected

in the same order but have different three-dimensional

arrangements.


Konfiguratsiya

molekuladagi atomlarning fazoda malum tartibda joylashishi

Konfiguratsiya – to ili inoe otnositelьnoe

raspolojenie atomov molekulы

v prostranstve.


Configuration the three-dimensional arrangement

of atoms bonded to a chirality center.



Konformatsiya

ma’lum bir konfiguratsiyaga ega bo’lgan molekula ichida atomlarning yoki atom guruhlarning bir yoki bir necha σ-bog’ atrofida aylanishidan hosil bo’ladigan holat

Konformatsiya - razlichnoe prostranstvennoe raspolojenie atomov

ili atomnыx grupp v molekulax opredelennoy konfiguratsii, obuslovlennoe vraщeniem

vokrug σ-svyazey.


Conformations the three-dimensional shape of a

molecule at any given instant, assuming that rotation around

single bonds is frozen.


Boshlang’ich struktura

birikmaning eng ko’p sonli xarakteristik guruhlar birikkan kismi

Rodonachalьnaya struktura - strukturnыy fragment molekulы, lejaщiy

v osnove nazvaniya.



Skeletal structures a shorthand way of writing structures in which carbon atoms are assumed to be at each

intersection of two lines (bonds) and at the end of each line.



Funksional guruh

birikmaning kimyoviy xossalarni beradigan xarakteristik guruh

Funktsionalьnaya gruppa

- strukturnыy fragment molekulы, opredelyayuщiy yee ximicheskie svoystva.



Functional an atom or group of atoms that is part of a larger molecule and has a characteristic chemical reactivity.

Kovalent bog’lanish

umumiy elektron juftlar asosida vujudga keladigan metallmaslar orasidagi bog’lanish.

Kovalentnaya svyazь – svyazь, obrazovannaya za schet obщix elektronnыx par.

Covalent bond a bond formed by sharing electrons

between atoms.



Ion bog’lanish

elektrostatik tortishuv asosida vujudga keladigan bog’lanish

Ionnaya svyazь – svyazь, obrazovannaya za schet elektrostaticheskogo prityajeniya atomov

Ionic bond the electrostatic attraction between

ions of unlike charge.



Induktiv effekt

elektron bulutlarining -bog’ bo’yicha siljishi

Induktivnыy effekt – smeщenie elektronov po -svyazi

Inductive effect the electron-attracting

or electron-withdrawing effect transmitted through s bonds.



Nitrolash

organik modda tarkibiga nitroguruh (-NO2) ni kiritish reaksiyasi

Nitrovanie - vvedenie nitrogruppы (-NO2) v sostav organicheskogo soedineniya

Nitration the substitution of a nitro group onto

an aromatic ring.



Sulfolash

organik modda tarkibiga sulfoguruh (–SO3H) ni kiritish reaksiyasi

Sulьfirovanie –vvedenie sulьfogruppы

(–SO3H) v sostav organicheskogo soedineniya



Sulfonation the substitution of a sulfonic acid

group ( -SO3H) onto an aromatic ring.



Oksidlanishi

birikma molekulasining kislorod atomi bilan o’zaro reaksiyasi

Okislenie – reaktsiya molekulы soedineniya i kisloroda s umenьsheniem stepeni okisleniya ugleroda.

Oxidation a reaction that causes a decrease in electron ownership by carbon, either by bond formation between carbon and a more electronegative atom (usually oxygen, nitrogen,

or a halogen) or by bond-breaking between carbon and a less electronegative atom (usually hydrogen).



Karboksillash

CO2 bilan o’zaro reaksiyasi

Karboksilirova-nie – reaktsiya s SO2

Carboxylation the addition of CO2 to a molecule.

Dekarboksillash

CO2 ajralishi bilan boradigan reaksiyasi

Dekarboksiliro-vanie – reaktsiya otщepleniya SO2

Decarboxylation the loss of carbon dioxide from

a molecule. -keto acids decarboxylate readily on heating.



Degitratlanish

H2O ajralishi bilan boradigan reaksiyasi

Degidratatsiya - reaktsiya s otщepleniem N2O

Dehydration the loss of water from

an alcohol to yield an alkene.



Degidrogalogen-lash

vodorod va galogen ajralishi bilan boradigan reaksiyasi

Degidrogalogenirovanie - reaktsiya s otщepleniem vodoroda i galogena

Dehydrohalogenation the loss of HX from

an alkyl halide. Alkyl halides undergo dehydrohalogenation to

yield alkenes on treatment with strong base.


sp3-gibridlanish

bitta s- va uchta p-elektronlarning orbitallarining gibridlanishi va to’rtta yangi gibridlangan bulutlar hosil bo’lishi

sr3-Gibridizatsiya -

obrazovanie iz odnoy s- i trex r-orbitaley chetыre kachestvenno novыe,

ravnotsennыe orbitali


sp3 hybrid orbitals hybrid orbitals derived by combination

of an s atomic orbital with three p atomic orbitals.



sp2-gibridlanish

qo’shbog’dagi uglerod atomida bitta s- va ikkita p-orbitallar gibridlanib, uchta tenglashgan orbitallarni hosil qilishi

sr2-Gibridizatsiya -

obrazovanie iz odnoy s- i dvux r-orbitaley tri kachestvenno novыe,

ravnotsennыe orbitali


sp2 hybrid orbitals hybrid orbitals derived by combination

of an s atomic orbital with two p atomic orbitals.



sp-gibridlanish

bitta s- bilan bitta p-orbital bir-biri bilan «aralashib» ikkita gibridlangan orbitalarni hosil qilishi

sr-Gibridizatsiya -

obrazovanie iz odnoy s- i odnoy r-orbitali dve kachestvenno novыe,

ravnotsennыe orbitali


sp hybrid orbitals hybrid orbitals derived from the

combination of an s and a p atomic orbital.



Gomolitik parchalanish

molekulani tashkil etuvchilarni A va B deb faraz qilsak, ular orasida bog’ hosil qilishda ishtirok etadigan elektron jufti ikki tashkil etuvchi (molekula) o’rtasida bo’linadi.

A:B  A∙ + B∙



Gomoliticheskiy razrыv – razrыv svyazi v xode kotoroy kajdыy atom imeet po odnomu elektronu

A:B  A∙ + B∙



Homolytic bond breakage the kind of bondbreaking

that occurs in radical reactions when each fragment

leaves with one bonding electron: A:B  A∙ + B∙


Geterolitik parchalanish

bunda A va B tashkil etuvchilar orasidagi umumiy elektron juftini shu tashkil etuvchilardan biri tortib oladi.

A:B A+ + :B-



Geteroliticheskiy razrыv – razrыv svyazi v xode kotoroy odin atom imeet paru elektronov, drugoy atom ne imeet

A:B A+ + :B-



Heterolytic bond breakage the kind of bondbreaking

that occurs in polar reactions when one fragment

leaves with both of the bonding electrons:

A:B A+ + :B-



Elektrofil (elektronni yoqtiraman)

musbat zaryadli ion.

Elektrofil («lyublyu elektron»)– polojitelьno zaryajennыy ion

Electrophile an “electron-lover,” or substance that

accepts an electron pair from a nucleophile in a polar bondforming

reaction.


Nukleofil

manfiy zaryadli ion

Nukleofil («lyublyu nuklon»)– otritsatelьno zaryajennыy ion

Nucleophile an electron-rich species that donates

an electron pair to an electrophile in a polar bond-forming reaction.

Nucleophiles are also Lewis bases.


Alkanlar

tarkibida oddiy σ-bog’lar tutgan, umumiy formulasi CnH2n+2 bo’lgan uglevodorodlar

Alkanы - uglevodorodы, v molekulax kotorыx atomы

ugleroda svyazanы prostыmi kovalentnыmi σ-svyazyami. CnH2n+2



Alkanes a class of compounds of carbon and

hydrogen that contains only single bonds.

CnH2n+2


Sikloalkanlar

umumiy formulasi SnH2n bo’lgan, faqat zanjiri uglerod atomlaridan tarkib topgan yopiq xalqali uglevodorodlar

Alkanы - uglevodorodы, v molekulax kotorыx atomы

ugleroda svyazanы prostыmi kovalentnыmi σ-svyazyami. CnH2n+2



Cycloalkane an alkane that contains a ring of

carbons.


Alkenlar

tarkibida bitta qo’shbog’ saqlagan, umumiy formulasi CnH2n bo’lgan, birikish reaksiyalariga kirishadigan to’yinmagan uglevodorodlar

Alkenы - uglevodorodы, v molekulax kotorыx atomы

ugleroda svyazanы dvoynoy svyazьyu. CnH2n



Alkene a hydrocarbon that contains a

carbon–carbon double bond,

R2C=CR2

CnH2n



Markovnikov qoidasi

nosimmetrik tuyinmagan uglevodorodlarga galoidvodorodlarni birikkanda vodorod ko’p vodorod tutgan uglerod atomiga borib birikadi

Pravilo Markovnikova -

pri vzaimodeystvii galogenovodorodov

s nesimmetrichnыmi

alkenami atom vodoroda prisoedi-nyaetsya k bolee gidrogenizovanno-mu atomu ugleroda,

to yestь atomu ugle-roda, soderjaщemu

bolьshee chislo atomov vodoroda.



Markovnikov’s rule in the addition of HX to an alkene, the hydrogen atom bonds to

the alkene carbon that has fewer alkyl substituents.



Zaytsev qoidasi

degitratlanich reaksiyalarda vodorod kam gidrogenlangan uglerod atomidanketadi

Pravilo Zaytseva –v reaktsiyax otщep-leniya vodы vmeste s gidroksilom uxodit atom vodoroda ot menee gidrogenizi-

zirovannogo sosed-nego atoma ugleroda.



Zaitsev’s rule a rule stating that E2 elimination

reactions normally yield the more highly substituted alkene as

major product.


Alkinlar

tarkibida bitta uch bog’ saqlagan, umumiy formulasi CnH2n-2 to’yinmagan uglevodorodlar

Alkinы - uglevodorodы, v molekulax kotorыx atomы

ugleroda svyazanы troynoy svyazьyu. CnH2n-2



Alkyne a hydrocarbon that contains a

carbon–carbon triple bond, RC≡CR.

CnH2n-2


Aromatik uglevodorodlar (arenlar)

molekulasida benzol xalqasi saqlagan karbosiklik birikmalar.

Arenы – soedineniya, soderjaщie benzol

Arene an alkyl-substituted benzene.

Aromatiklik

halqasi bo’lgan birikmalar birikish reaksiyalariga qiyinchilik bilan, almashinish reaksiyalariga osonlik bilan kirish xodisasi, elektronlarning soni 4n + 2 formulaga mos kelgan

Aromatichnostь - sovokupnostь spe-tsificheskix svoystv

benzola, a imenno vыsokaya stabilь-nostь, inertnostь v reaktsiyax prisoedi-neniya i sklonnostь k reaktsiyam zameщe-niya, kolichestvo r-elektronov sootvet-stvuet formule

4n + 2


Aromaticity

the special characteristics

of cyclic conjugated molecules, including unusual stability and a

tendency to undergo substitution reactions rather than addition

reactions on treatment with electrophiles. Aromatic molecules

are planar, cyclic, conjugated species with 4n + 2 p electrons.



Alkilgalogenli hosilalari

alifatik uglevodorod molekulasidagi bir yoki bir necha vodorod atomlarining galogenga almashinishidan hosil bo’lgan birikmalar

Alkilgalogenidы – alifaticheskie soedineniya, v kotorыx odin ili neskolьko atomov vodorodы zameщenы na atom galogena.

Alkyl halide a compound with a halogen

atom bonded to a saturated, sp3-hybridized carbon atom.



Bimolekulyar nukleofil o’rin olish reaksiyasi (SN2)

bir bosqichda, oraliq aktiv kompleks hosil bo’lishi bilan boradigan va reaksiyaning tezligi ikkita zarrachaning: galogen hosilaning va nukleofilning konsentratsiyasiga bog’liq bo’ladigan reaksiyasi

Reaktsiya SN2 - reaktsiya proisxodit v odnu stadiyu cherez obrazovanie perexodnogo sostoyaniya,

v postroenii kotorogo prinimaet uchastie kak molekula galogenalkana, tak

i nukleofilьnыy reagent.


SN2 reaction a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution

reaction.



Monomolekulyar nukleofil o’rin olish reaksiyasi (SN1)

ikki bosqichli, reaksiyaning tezligi faqat galogen hosilaning konsentratsiyasiga bog’liq bo’ladigan va bunda galogen hosila dissotsiyalanishidan so’ng o’rin olish reaksiyasi amalga oshadigan reaksiyasi

Reaktsiya SN1 – reaktsiya gde razrыv svyazi C-Hal predshestvuet obrazovaniyu

svyazi C-Nu.



SN1 reaction a unimolecular nucleophilic

substitution

reaction.


Spirtlar

uglevodorodlardagi bir yoki bir necha vodorod atomlarining gidroksil hosil bo’lgan birikmalar.

Spirtы - proizvodnыe alifaticheskix uglevodorodov, v kotorыx odin ili neskolьko atomov vodoroda zameщenы na –ON gruppu

Alcohols a class of compounds with -OH group bonded to a saturated, sp3-hybridized carbon,

ROH.


Fenollar

benzol xalqasidagi bir yoki bir necha vodorod atomining gidroksil guruhga almashinishidan hosil bo’lgan birikmalar

Fenolы -proizvodnыe aromaticheskix uglevodorodov, v kotorыx odin ili neskolьko atomov vodoroda zameщenы na –ON gruppu

Phenols a class of compounds with

an -OH group directly bonded to an aromatic ring, ArOH.



Oddiy efirlar

spirt gidroksilidagi vodorod atomining boshqa radikalga almashinishidan hosil bo’lgan birikmalar

Prostыe efirы – proizvodnыe spirtov, v kotorыx vodorodo gidroksilьnoy gruppы zameщen na radikal

Ethers a class of compounds that has two organic substituents bonded to the same oxygen atom,

ROR


Aldegidlar

molekulasi tarkibida aldegid guruh saqlagan oksobirikmalar

Alьdegidы – soedineniya, soderjaщie karbonilьnuyu gruppu i vodorod

Aldegides a class of compounds

with organic substituents bonded to a carbonyl

group. RCON


Ketonlar

molekulasi tarkibida keto guruh (R-C=O) saqlagan oksobirikmalar

Ketonы – soedineniya, soderjaщie dva radikala i karbonilьnuyu gruppu

Ketones a class of compounds

with two organic substituents bonded to a carbonyl

group, R2C=O.


Aminlar

ammiakning bir yoki bir necha vodorod atomlarinig uglevodorod radikallariga almashinishidan hosil bo’lgan organik birikmalar

RNH2, R2NH, R3N.



Aminы – proizvodnыe ammiaka, v kotorыx odin ili neskolьko atomov vodorodы zameщenы na radikalы

RNH2, R2NH, R3N.



Amines

a class of compounds containing

one or more organic substituents bonded to a nitrogen

atom, RNH2, R2NH, or R3N.



Diazobirikmalar

tarkibida bir-biri bilan o’zaro bog’langan azot atomlari tutgan va bu azot atomlardan biri uglevodorod radikali, ikkinchisi mineral kislota qoldig’i bilan bog’langan organik birikmalar

Diazosoedineniya – soedineniya obщey formuloy RN2X.

Diazo compounds a class of compounds with the

general structure RN2X.



Azobirikmalar

tarkibida azoguruh -N=N- saqlagan va bu guruhdagi azot atomlari aromatik uglevodorod radikallari bilan bog’langan organik birikmalar

Azosoedineniya – soedineniya obщey formuloy R-N=N-R

Azo compounds

a class of compounds with the

general structure R-N=N-R.


Karbon kislotalar

tarkibida karboksil guruh (-COOH) saqlagan birikmalar

Karbonovыe kislotы - soedineniya, soderjaщie karboksilьnuyu gruppu

Carboxylic acids, RCO2H

compounds

containing the

-CO2H functional group.



Aminokislotalar

karboksil va aminoguruh saqlovchi organik birikmalar

Aminokislotы - soedineniya, soderjaщie i karboksilьnuyu i aminogruppu

Amino acids

a type of difunctional compound

with an amino group on the carbon atom next to a carboxyl

group, RCH(NH2)CO2H.



Laktam

siklik amid

Laktam – tsiklicheskiy amid

Lactams cyclic amides.

Lakton

siklik efir

Lakton – tsiklicheskiy efir

Lactones cyclic esters.

Amidlar

karboksil guruhdagi gidroksil guruhning aminoguruhga almashingan karbon kislota hosilalari.

Amidы – proizvodnыe karbonovыx kislot, imeyuщie gruppu

-CONR2



Amides

a class of compounds containing

the -CONR2 functional group.


Geterohalqali birikmalar

halkasida uglerod atomlaridan boshqa element atomi saqlagan yopiq zanjirli birikmalar.

Geterotsiklы – tsiklы, imeyuщie v svoem sostave otlichnыy ot ugleroda atom

Heterocycle a cyclic molecule whose ring

contains more than one kind of atom.



Enantiomerlar

ko’zgu tasvirini beradigan stereoizomerlar.

Enantiomerы – stereoizomerы, yavlyayuщiesya zerkalьnыm otobrajeniem drug druga

Enantiomers stereoisomers of a chiral substance

that have a mirror-image relationship. Enantiomers have opposite

configurations at all chirality centers.


Diastereomerlar

ko’zgu tasvirini bermaydigan stereoizomerlar.

Diastereomerы - stereoizomerы, ne yavlyayuщiesya zerkalьnыm otobrajeniem drug druga

Diastereomers non–mirror-image stereoisomers;

diastereomers have the same configuration at one or more chirality

centers but differ at other chirality centers.


Epimerlar

bitta asimmetrik atomi konfiguratsiyasi bilan farq qiladigan stereoizomerlar

Epimerы - diastereoizomerы, otlichayuщiesya po konfiguratsii odnogo atoma ugleroda

Epimers diastereomers that differ in configuration

at only one chirality center but are the same at all others.



Mutarotatsiya

monosaxaridlarning yangi tayyorlangan eritmasining qutblangan nur sathini burish burchagining qiymati ma’lum vaqtgacha o’zgarish xodisasi

Mutarotatsiya – izmenenie znacheniya ugla udelьnogo vra-щeniya s techeniem vremeni v sveje-prigotovlennыx rastvorax monosaxaridov

Mutarotation the change in optical rotation

observed when a pure anomer of a sugar is dissolved in water.



Glikozidlar

monosaxaridlarning

poluatsetal gidroksil gruppalari bilan biron organik radikal bog’lanishi bilan hosil bo’lgan birikmalar



Glikozidы - proiz-vodnыe monosaxari-dov, poluchennыe v rezulьtate vzaimo-deystviya poluatse-talьnogo gidroksi-la s drugimi organicheskimi soedineniyami

Glycoside a cyclic acetal formed by reaction of a

sugar with another alcohol.



Lipidlar

o’simlik va hayvon to’qimalaridan qutblanmagan erituvchilar yordamida ajratib olinadigan birikmalar

Lipidы - obshirnaya gruppa prirodnыx organicheskix

soedineniy, glavnыm obrazom proizvodnыx vыsshix alifaticheskix kislot

i spirtov.


Lipids naturally occurring substances

isolated from cells and tissues by extraction with a nonpolar solvent.

Lipids belong to many different structural classes, including

fats, terpenoids, prostaglandins, and steroids.



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