PowerPoint Presentation sensation and perception



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sensation perception

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

KEY POINTS

  • Distinguish between sensation and perception
  • Psychophysics: absolute threshold and difference threshold
  • Identify each major sensory system, their receptors, and type of sensory information each receives
  • Perception: selection, organization and interpretation

Sensation

  • Input of sensory information
  • Process of receiving, converting, and transmitting information from the outside world

Sensory Systems

  • Vision
  • Hearing
  • Smell (olfaction)
  • Taste (gustation)
  • Vestibular sense (balance)
  • Kinethesis (body movement)
  • Touch (pressure, pain, temperature)

Vision

  • Visual receptor cells located on retina:rods for night vision and cones for color vision
  • The eye captures light and focuses it on the visual receptors, which convert light energy to neural impulses sent to the brain

Hearing

  • Audition (hearing) occurs via sound waves, which result from rapid changes in air pressure caused by vibrating objects
  • Receptors located in the inner ear (cochlea) tiny hair cells that convert sound energy to neural impulses sent along to brain

Smell and Taste

  • Olfaction (smell) receptors are located at top of nasal cavity
  • Gustation - (taste) receptors are taste buds on tongue. Four basic tastes: sweet, salty, sour and bitter

Body Senses

  • Vestibular sense (sense of balance) results from receptors in inner ear
  • Kinethesis - (body posture, orientation, and body movement) results from receptors in muscles, joint and tendons
  • Skin senses detect touch (pressure, temperature and pain)

Processing

  • Sensory reduction - filtering and analyzing of sensations before messages are sent to the brain
  • Transduction - process of converting receptor energy into neural impulses the brain can understand
  • Adaptation- decreased sensory response to continuous stimuli

Psychophysics

  • Study of the relationship between the physical properties of stimuli and a person’s experience of them
  • Absolute threshold - minimum amount of energy we can detect
  • Difference threshold - (jnd) the smallest change in a stimulus we can detect

Perception

  • “…a constructive process by which we go beyond the stimuli that are presented to us and attempt to construct a meaningful situation”.

Perceptual Processing

  • Top-down: perception is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations
  • Bottom-up: perception that consists of recognizing and processing information about the individual components of the stimuli

Perception-Key Concepts

  • Selection
  • Organization
  • Interpretation
  • Subliminal perception and ESP

1. Three Major Factors of Selection

  • Selective attention
  • Feature detectors
  • Habituation

2. Organization

  • Form (Gestalt)
  • Constancy(size, shape, color, brightness)
  • Depth
  • Color

Gestalt Principles

  • Rules that summarize how we tend to organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Gestalt Psychology: Form

  • figure ground
  • proximity
  • closure
  • contiguity
  • similarity

Constancy

  • Size constancy
  • Shape constancy
  • Color constancy
  • Brightness constancy

3. Four Major Factors of Interpretation

  • Perceptual adaptation
  • Perceptual set
  • Individual motivation
  • Frame of reference

Subliminal Perception

  • Stimuli that occur below the threshold of our conscious awareness but have a weak, if any effect on behavior

4. Extrasensory Perception (ESP)


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