Functional styles



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Lecture 15 Functional Styles

FUNCTIONAL STYLES

  • Definition of a functional style
  • Informal style
  • colloquial words
  • slang
  • dialect words
  • Formal style
  • learned words
  • archaisms and historisms
  • poetic diction
  • professional terminology
  • Neutral vocabulary

SOCIOLINGUISTICS

  • studies variations in language according to uses depending on social, educational, sex, age, etc. stratification
  • studies correlation of linguistic facts with the life and attitudes of the speaking community

Linguostylistics

  • studies correlation of speech situation and linguistic means by speakers
  • different styles in speech and language

Functional Style

  • a system of expressive means peculiar to a specific sphere of communication

Functional Style

  • sphere of communication – circumstances attending the process of speech in each particular case

Informal Style

  • used in personal two-way every-day communication
  • vocabulary may be determined socially (educational and cultural background, age group, occupation) or regionally (dialect)

Informal Style

  • gesture, tone, voice, situation are as important as words
  • careful choice of words plays a minor role
  • vocabulary is much less variegated
  • the same pronouns, auxiliaries, postpositives, the same most frequent and generic terms are used again and again

Informal Style

  • the same pronouns, auxiliaries, postpositives, the same most frequent and generic terms are used again and again
  • they convey a great number of different meanings
  • some words are overused (e.g. thing, do, get, nice, really, etc.)

Informal Style

  • characterized by imaginative phraseology (e.g. a lot of moonshine),
  • ready-made formulas of politeness and tags,
  • standard expressions of surprise, gratitude (e.g. I‘m most grateful), apology, etc.

Informal Style

  • substantives adjectives (e.g. greens for ’green leaf vegetables’, woolies for ‘woolen clothes’)
  • lexical intensifiers, emphatic verbs and adverbs with lost denotational meaning (e.g. awfully, lovely, terrific, grand, dead etc.)

Informal Style

  • lexical expressions of modality (e.g. definitely, in a way, I should think so, not at all, by no means , etc.)

Informal Style

  • Colloquial words
  • literary colloquial (cultivated speech)
  • familiar colloquial
  • low colloquial (illiterate speech)
  • Slang words
  • Dialect words

Literary Colloquial Speech

  • used by educated people in the course of ordinary conversation or when writing letters to intimate friends
  • e.g. bite, snack – meal
  • to have a crush on smb – to fall in love with smb
  • phrasal verbs - to put up, turn up, do away
  • shorteningspram, exam, flu

Familiar Colloquial Speech

  • more emotional, much more free and careless
  • used mostly by young and semi-educated
  • characterized by a great number of jocular or ironical expressions and nonce-words
  • e.g. doc – doctor, ta-ta – good-bye

Low Colloquial Speech

  • illiterate unpopular speech
  • contains more vulgar words
  • sometimes contains elements of dialect

Slang

  • contrasted to standard literary vocabulary
  • mainly used by young and uneducated
  • characterized by the use of expressive, mostly ironical words which create fresh names for some usual things

Slang

  • most slang word are metaphors and jocular, often with a coarse, mocking, cynical colouring, produce shocking effect
  • e.g. money – beans, bras, dibs, dough, wads
  • drunk – boozy, cock-eyed, soaked

Slang

  • slang words and idioms are short-lived, soon they ether disappear or lose their peculiar colouring and become either colloquial or stylistically neutral
  • e.g. chap, fun, mob, shabby, hitch-hiker, once in a blue moon

Slang

  • general slang – specific for any social or professional group
  • special slang – peculiar for some groups: teenager slang, football slang, sea slang, etc.

Argot

  • special vocabulary used by a particular social or age group, the so-called underworld (the criminal circles)
  • its main purpose - to be unintelligible to the outsiders
  • argot words are non-motivated
  • e.g. shin – knife, book – life sentence

Dialect Words

  • Dialect is a variety of a language which prevails in a district, with local peculiarities of vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar

Dialect Words

  • dialect words may enter colloquial speech, slang, then neutral vocabulary and formal language
  • e.g. car, tram, trolley

Formal Style

  • English vocabulary that occur in books and magazines, that we hear from a lecturer, a public speaker, a radio announcement, in formal official talk

Formal Style

  • used in monologues addressed by one person to many, often prepared in advance
  • words are used with precision
  • the vocabulary is elaborate, generalized, not limited socially or geographically

Formal Style

  • learned words
  • literary words
  • words of scientific prose
  • official words
  • poetic diction
  • Archaic and obsolete words
  • Professional terminology

Formal Style

  • literary words – used in descriptive passages of fiction
  • mostly polysyllabic words from Romance languages
  • create complex and solemn associations
  • e.g. delusion, felicity, cordial, solitude

Formal Style

  • words of scientific prose
  • e.g. experimental, divergent, heterogeneous, as early as, in terms of etc.
  • officialese (канцеляризмы) – words of official, bureaucratic language, peculiar to official documents, business correspondence
  • e.g. accommodation (room), donation (gift), comestibles (food), dispatch (send off)

Formal Style

  • words of poetic diction are traditionally used only in poetry
  • characterized by a lofty, high-flown, sometimes archaic colouring
  • they are more abstract
  • e.g. array (clothes), steed (horse), lone (lonely), naught (nothing), albeit (although)

Archaic and Obsolete Words

  • Obsolete words are words that dropped from the language, “no longer in use, esp. for at least for a century”

Archaic and Obsolete Words

  • Archaic words (archaism) are words which survive in special contexts, “current in an earlier time but rare in present usage”
  • associated with poetic diction
  • e.g. aye (yes), nay (no), morn (morning), betwixt (between)

Historisms

  • words denoting objects and phenomena which are things of the past and no longer exist
  • they are names for social relations, institutions, objects of material culture of the past

Historisms

  • names of ancient transport means, ancient clothes, weapons, musical instruments, etc.
  • e.g. landau ландо; четырехколесный экипаж или автомобиль со съемным верхом,
  • phaeton фаэтон ( четырехколесная открытая коляска ),
  • hansom двухколесный экипаж ( с местом для кучера сзади )
  • calash легкая коляска ( имеющая низкие колеса и складной верх )
  • berlin старинный дорожный четырехколесный крытый экипаж

Professional Terminology

  • specialized vocabularies
  • term is a word or a word-group which is specifically employed by a particular branch of science, technology, trade or the arts to convey a concept peculiar to this particular activity

Professional Terminology

  • terms should be monosemantic (polysemy may lead to misunderstanding)
  • independent of the context
  • have only denotational meaning
  • terms should not have synonyms
  • e.g. paint, tint, dye (краска) - colour

Neutral (basic) Vocabulary

  • opposed to formal and informal words
  • used in all kinds of situations, independent of the sphere of communication
  • stylistically neutral (lack connotations)

Neutral (basic) Vocabulary

  • constitute the core of the vocabulary, denote objects and phenomena of everyday importance
  • characterized by high frequency
  • e.g. to walk, summer, child, green

Interrelations between different strata of vocabulary

  • Basic vocabulary
  • Informal
  • Formal
  • begin
  • Start, get started
  • commence
  • Child, baby
  • Kid, brat, bearn (dialect)
  • Infant, babe (poetical)

Stylistically-neutral and stylistically-marked words

  • Stylistically-neutral words
  • Stylistically-marked words
  • informal
  • formal
  • Basic vocabulary

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