Characterization of the Germanic language family Student: Poʻlatova Iqbol

Characterization of the Germanic language family

Student: Poʻlatova Iqbol.

Teacher: Mirzayev Jasur

Plan

1)Family tree model.

2) The pre-history of Germanic language family.

3) Germanic speaking comunities.

4) The influence of Latin and Celts.

5) Dialects.

Family tree model

The pre-history of Germanic language family

• The pre-history of the Germanic language family, and therefore also of Dutch,is the subject of comparative historical linguistics.The aim of this branch of linguistics is to show relationships between languages and to reconstruct proto-languages . The method used for this is the investigation of regular correspondences in the sounds of the central vocabulary.An example of one of these sound correspondences is provided by the fillowing small sample:
• Dutch:

German speaking comunities

The largest German speaking communities are to be found in the U.S., Brazil and in Argentina where millions of Germans migrated in the last 200 years, but the great majority of their descendants no longer speak German.Additionally, German speaking communities are to be found in the former German colony of Namibia as well as in the other countries of German emigration such as Canada.Paraguay, Uruguay,Chile,Peru, Venezuela South Africa, Thailand and Australia.See also Plautdietsch.

Some German speaking communities still survive in parts of Romania, the Czech Republic.Hungary and above all Russia, Kazakhstan, and Poland, although massive relocations to Germany in the late 1940s and 1990 have depopulated most of these communities.

Some German speaking communities still survive in parts of Romania, the Czech Republic.Hungary and above all Russia, Kazakhstan, and Poland, although massive relocations to Germany in the late 1940s and 1990 have depopulated most of these communities.

The influence of the Latin and Celts.

Latin influence.A large percentage of the educated and literate population( monks,clerics,etc.) were competent in Latin, which was the scholarly and diplomatic lingua franca of Europe at the time.It is sometimes possible to give approximate dates for the entry of individual Latin words into Old English based on which patterns of linguistic change they have undergone.There were at least three notable periods of Latin influence.The first occured before the ancestral Saxons left continental Europe for Britain. The second began when the Anglo- Saxons were converted to Christianity and

The influence of Latin and Celts

Traditionally, many maintain that the influence of Celtic on English has been small, citing the small number of Celtic loanwords taken into the language.The number of Celtic loanwords is of a lower order than either Latin or Scandinavian.However, distinctive Celtic traits have been argued to be clearly discernible from the post Old English period in the area of syntax.

Dialects

To complicate matters further ,Old English had many dialects. The four main dialect forms of Old English were Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish and West Saxon.Each of these dialects was associated with an independent kingdom on the island.Of these,all of Northumbria and most of Mercia were overrun by the Vikings during the 9 th century.The portion of Mercia and all of Kent that were successfully defended were then integrated into Wessex.