Answer the following questions. Avoid plagiarism! Use your own examples to illustrate your answers

Answer the following questions. Avoid plagiarism! Use your own examples to illustrate your answers.

1. How do you understand the contextual analysis used in Semantics? Give its definition and illustrate how and when it is used in Semantics (use your own examples).

2. What do you mean under the componential analysis used in Semantics? Give its definition and illustrate how and when it is used in Semantics (use your own examples).

3. How do you understand the morphemic analysis used in Semantics? Give its definition and illustrate how and when it is used in Semantics (use your own examples).

4. What do you mean under the word-formation analysis used in Semantics? Give its definition and illustrate how and when it is used in Semantics (use your own examples).

5. How can you formulate the principles of IC’s analysis used in Semantics? Give its definition and illustrate how and why it is used in Semantics (use your own examples).

6. What do you know about the transformational analysis used in Semantics? Give its definition and illustrate how and what is the purpose of its using in Semantics (use your own examples).

1. A contextual analysis is an analysis of any kinds of texts (medium, long or multi-media). It analyzes how to assess the text in the side of its historical and cultural setting including its qualities that characterize it as a text. This analysis combines features of formal analysis with features of social study: political, philosophical, economic and religious which were placed at the time when the text was written. Contextual analysis – through knowledge of what the source is, who produced it, where, when, and why it was produced. Contextual analysis considers the following:

1. Historical content of the source (that is the time and place it was written and the situation at a time);

2. Author’s background (intent and authority on the subject);

3. Source’s relevance (what is the importance of the written work of the author).

2. Componential analysis analyzes the components of a word’s meaning. The most important task of this analysis is to identify the proper meaning of the sentence. In other words, word can be described and analyzed in terms of their semantic components called componential analysis: relationship between words that are related in meaning, helping readers to understand structure of words and etc.

For example: Boy = +male +young -adult -bachelor.

Girl = +human –adult –male +animate.

Man = +human +adult +male +married +animate.

Woman = -male +human +adult +married +female

3. As we know a morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning within a word. Morphemic analysis is one the six word identification (Context clues (semantics), Word order and grammar (syntax), Word parts, analogy, or analyzing words, Morphemic analysis (prefixes, suffixes, and root words), Sight words, Phonics) strategy that should be learnt.

For example: Ungentlemanly

un-	gentlemanly
un-	gentleman	-ly
un-	gentle	-man	-ly
un-	gent	-le	-man	-ly

4. Word-formation is a process with the result of a new lexeme. There are two directions: Derivation (subdivided into Affixation and Non-affixation) and Compounding.

Word-formation

Derivation Compounding

(for example: note +book = notebook

blue + berry = blueberry)

Affixation Non-affixation

Prefixation Conversation

Suffixation Back-formation

Blending (motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, etc.)

Clipping (examination – exam, laboratory – lab, etc.)

Word-formation analysis studies the structural correlation with other words, the structural patterns or rules which results a new word.

For example: adj + suffix = v suffix: -ize or -ify

Solid (adj) + -ify = solidify (v)

Real (adj) + -ize = realize (v)

Or: n + suffix = v

Haste (n) + -en = hasten (v)

Vaccine (n) + -ate = vaccinate (v)

Brand (n) + -ish = brandish (v)

Or: n + suffix = n

Friend (n) + -ship = friendship (n)

Human (n) + -ity = humanity (n)

5. Immediate Constituent analysis (IC) is a system of grammatical analysis that break up sentences into sequential layers, or constituents until in the final layer and every constituent consist of only a word or meaningful part of a word. The aim of this analysis is to bring out the hierarchical structure in the composition of a complex sign. The task of the analysis is describing after the utterances have been made, what the constituents are. Ways of showing the IC: Tree Diagram:

For example: Poor Joe ran out

Poor Joe ran out

Poor Joe ran out

Box diagram:

The boy eat

s

the

mango

es

Brackets diagram:

(The) (boy) (eat) (s) (the) (mango) (es)

Labeled IC analysis (on the basis of grammatical category or form):

Barking dogs seldom bite