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1.Stylistics as a branch of general linguistics (its tasks, the origin of word “style”)
2.Individual style of an author
3.The norm of the language
4.Varieties of language
5.Functional styles of language
6.Stylistic classification of the English Vocabulary
7.Terms; Poetic & Highly Literary words
8.Archaic words
9.Barbarisms and foreign words
10.Literary coinages (неологизм)
11.Slang, jargonizes (SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY)
12.Professionalisms; dialectal words
13.Vulgar words; colloquial coinages (коинидж).
14.Onomatopoeia
15.Alliteration
16.Rhyme; Rhythm
17.Metaphor, Metonymy, Irony
18.Zeugma; the Pun
19.Interjections and Exclamatory Words
20.The Epithet
21.Oxymoron
22.Antonomasia
23.Simile (сравнение)
24.Periphrasis (перифраз)
25.Euphemism
26.Hyperbole
27.Epigrams
28.Quotations
29.Allusions
Stylistics as a branch of general linguistics (its tasks, the origin of word “style”)
Stylistics is a branch of general linguistics. It deals with two independent tasks: 1. the investigation of the inventory of special language media. 2. the investigation of the certain type of texts.
The investigation of the inventory of special language media can be analyzed if presented in a system in which the correlation between the media becomes evident. The type of texts can be analised if the linguistic components are presented in the indirection (взаимосвязи), thus revealing the unbreakable unity and transparency of constructions of a given type.
The types of texts that are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of the communication are called functional styles of language (FS).
The special media of language which provide desirable effect of the utterance (высказывание) are called stylistic devices and expressive means.
The word style is derived from the latin word stilus – a short stick sharp at 1 end and flat at the other and used by the romans for writing on the wax tablets.
Now the word style is applied to the teaching how to write a composition, to review the correspondence between the thought and its expression, it denote an individual manner of making use of language. It sometimes refers to more general, abstract notion.
Individual style of an author
An individual style is a unique combination of language units, expressive means and stylistic devices peculiar to a given writer which makes the writer’s works or even an utterance easily recognizable.
The greater the author is, the more genius his style will be.
The individuality of a writer is show not only in the choice of lexical, syntactical and stylistic means, but also their treatment (обращение).
Individual style is based on a deep knowledge of the contemporary language (современного языка) and also of earlier period. Selection or deliberate choice of language and the ways the chosen elements are treated are the main distinctive features of (are) individual style.
The norm of the language
The notion of the norm mainly refers to the literary language and always presupposed a recognized or received standard? While speaking of the norm we should mentioned such a notion as invariant, which should include all variants with the most typical properties.
Each style of language will have its own invariant and variants. Therefore the norm should be regarded as the invariant of the phonemic, morphological, lexical and syntactical patterns, circulating in language – in – action (=spoken language) at a given period of time. (language-as-a-system – literary language).
One of the most characteristic and essential properties (существенных свойств) of the norm is its flexibility.
Varieties of language
There are two variants of language: the spoken and the written. The spoken is primary and the written is secondary. The spoken is maintained in the form of a dialog, the written n the form of monolog.
The spoken language has s considerably advantage over the written because the human voice is used. This is a powerful means of modulating the utterance, as all kinds of gestures together with intonation give additional information.
The written language has to find means to compensate the lacks. The written utterance will be more defuse, more explanatory. It is the written variety of language with its careful organization and delivered choice of words and constructions that can have political, cultural and educational influence on a wide and scattered public.
The spoken language can’t be detached from the user of it speaker, who is unable to view it from outside.
The written language on the contrary can be detached from the writer, giving him an opportunity to look upon his utterance objectively and to corrector to improve that has been written. That is why the written language bears a greater volume of responsibility, then the spoken one.
The most striking difference between the spoken and the written variety is in the vocabulary used.
Functional styles of language
Functional styles of language is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication. In the English literary standard we distinguish the following main FS:
1) The language of belles-letters (беллетр)
2) The language of publicistic literature
3) The language of newspapers
4) The language of scientific prose
5) The language of official documents
The FS are the product of the development of the written variety of language; each FS may be characterized by a number of distinguish features, leading or subordinate constant or changing, obligatory or optional. Each FS is subdivised into a number of sub-styles.
The language of belles-letters has the following sub-styles: style of poetry, of emotive prose (худ/литра), of drama.
The language ofpublicistic literature: of oratory, essays, feature articles in newspaper and magazines.
The language of newspapers: the brief news items and communiques, newspaper headings, notices and advertisements.
The language of scientific prose: the humanitarian sciences, the “exact” sciences, popular scientific prose.
The language of official documents: of diplomatic documents, business doc., legal doc., military doc.
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