1 Part I: Data and information on migration and migrants

Editorial, review and production team .................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements...............................................................................................................

iii Contributors ....................................................................................................................... iv Photographs.........................................................................................................................

v List of figures and tables ...................................................................................................

viii List of appendices .............................................................................................................

xiii Foreword............................................................................................................................

.xv Chapter 1 – Report overview: Providing perspective on migration and mobility in increasingly uncertain times..................................................................................................

. 1 Part I: Data and information on migration and migrants............................................

....16 Chapter 2 – Migration and migrants: A global overview...........................

..................................19 Chapter 3 – Migration and migrants: Regional dimensions and developments ...............................53 Chapter 4 – Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions ................125 PART II: Complex and Emerging Migration Issues .......................................................158 Chapter 5 – Reflections on migrants’ contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation .................................................................................................161 Chapter 6 – Migration, inclusion and social cohesion: Challenges, recent developments and opportunities ..................................................................................................185 Chapter 7 – Migration and health: Current issues, governance and knowledge gaps.....................209 Chapter 8 – Children and unsafe migration............................................................................231 Chapter 9 – Human mobility and adaptation to environmental change......................................253 Chapter 10 – Migrants caught in crises: Contexts, responses and innovation ..............................271 Chapter 11 – Recent developments in the global governance of migration: An update to the World Migration Report 2018....................................................................291 Appendices.......................................................................................................................313 References .......................................................................................................................367 viii WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 List of figures and tables Chapter 1 Table 1. Key facts and figures from the World Migration Reports, 2000 and 2020 .......................10 Chapter 2 Table 1. International migrants, 1970–2019..........................................................................21 Figure 1. International migrants, by major region of residence, 2005 to 2019 (millions)...............24 Figure 2. Proportional population change by region, 2009–2019 ...............................................25 Figure 3. Top 20 destinations (left) and origins (right) of international migrants in 2019 (millions).............................................................26 Figure 4. Top 20 countries of emigration in 2019 (proportion)..................................................27 Figure 5. Inflows of foreign nationals into OECD countries, permanent migration, 2000–2016 (millions).............................................................................................31 Figure 6. Migrant workers by destination country income level, 2013 and 2017 ..........................33 Table 2. Migrant workers, by sex and income level of destination countries, 2017......................34 Figure 7. Geographic distribution of migrant workers by sex, 2017............................................35 Table 3. Top countries receiving/sending remittances (2005–2018) (current USD billions) ..........36 Figure 8. Number of refugees by top 5 countries of origin as of 2018 (millions)..........................40 Figure 9. Number of refugees by top 5 host countries as of 2018 (millions)................................41 Figure 10. Number of refugees resettled by major resettlement countries in 2005–2018 (thousands)......................................................................................42 Figure 11. Top 20 countries with the largest stock of internally displaced persons by conflict and violence at the end of 2018 ..............................................................44 Figure 12. New internal displacements by conflict and disasters, 2008–2018 (millions)..................46 Figure 13. Major populations of stateless persons by top 10 reporting countries as of 2018............48 WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 ix Chapter 3 – Figure 1. Migrants to, within and from Africa 1990–2019.........................................................55 Figure 2. Top 20 countries with the largest proportional population change in Africa, 2009–2019 ..........................................................................................................56 Figure 3. Top 20 African migrant countries in 2019.................................................................57 Figure 4. Top 20 migration corridors involving African countries, 2019......................................58 Figure 5. Top 10 African countries by total refugees and asylum seekers, 2018 ...........................59 Figure 6. Top 20 African countries by new internal displacements (disaster and conflict), 2018...................................................................................60 Figure 7. Migrants to, within and from Asia, 1990–2019 ..........................................................69 Figure 8. Top 20 countries with the largest proportional population change in Asia, 2009–2019 ...70 Figure 9. Top 20 Asian migrant countries in 2019 ...................................................................71 Figure 10. Top 20 migration corridors from Asian countries, 2019...............................................72 Figure 11. Top 10 Asian countries by total refugees and asylum seekers, 2018 .............................73 Figure 12. Top Asian countries by new internal displacements (disaster and conflict), 2018...........74 Figure 13. Migrants to, within and from Europe, 1990–2019 ......................................................86 Figure 14. Top 20 countries with the largest proportional population change in Europe, 2009–2019 ..........................................................................................................87 Figure 15. Top 20 European migrant countries in 2019..............................................................88 Figure 16. Top 20 migration corridors involving European countries, 2019...................................89 Figure 17. Top 10 European countries by total refugees and asylum seekers, 2018 ........................90 Figure 18. Top 20 European countries by new internal displacements (disaster and conflict), 2018...................................................................................91 Figure 19. Migrants to, within and from Latin America and the Caribbean, 1990–2019 ..................96 Figure 20. Top 20 countries with the largest proportional population change in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2009–2019 ...............................................................................97 Figure 21. Top 20 Latin America and Caribbean migrant countries in 2019...................................98 Figure 22. Top 10 migration corridors involving Latin America and Caribbean countries, 2019........99 x WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 Figure 23. Top 10 Latin America and Caribbean countries by total refugees and asylum seekers, 2018.....................................................................................100 Figure 24. Top Latin America and Caribbean countries by new internal displacements (disaster and conflict), 2018.................................................................................101 Figure 25. Migrants to, within and from Northern America, 1990–2019 .....................................107 Figure 26. Countries with the largest proportional population change in Northern America, 2009–2019...........................................................................108 Figure 27. Main migration countries in Northern America in 2019 ............................................108 Figure 28. Top 10 migration corridors involving Northern American countries, 2019 ...................109 Figure 29. Numbers of refugees and asylum seekers in and from Northern American countries, 2018...................................................................................................110 Figure 30. Top Northern American countries by new internal displacements (disaster and conflict), 2018 ................................................................................110 Figure 31. Migrants to, within and from Oceania, 1990–2019 ...................................................114 Figure 32. Countries with the largest proportional population change in Oceania, 2009–2019.........................................................................................115 Figure 33. Oceania migrant countries in 2019 ........................................................................116 Figure 34. Top 10 migration corridors involving Oceania countries, 2019 ...................................117 Figure 35. Numbers of refugees and asylum seekers in and from Oceania countries, 2018.............118 Figure 36. Top countries in Oceania by new internal displacements (disaster and conflict), 2018.................................................................................119 Chapter 4 – Figure 1. Number of academic publications on “immigration” OR “emigration”..........................127 Table 1. Examples of government funding of migration research............................................129 Figure 2. Number of articles published by selected journals in 2017 and 2018, by region ...........138 Figure 3. Distribution of primary academic affiliations of authors by selected journals in 2017 and 2018, by region ................................................................................140 Figure 4. Impact Factor of selected journals ........................................................................142 Table 2. Top 10 articles with the highest Altmetric Attention Score for selected journals, 2017 and 2018......................................................................143 WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 xi Figure 5. Distribution of numbers of views and downloads of 181 articles from 2017 and 2018, selected journals..................................................................................145 Table 3. Examples of key global material published in 2017 and 2018 ....................................146 Figure 6. Downloads of World Migration Report 2018 compared with 2015 edition......................153 Figure 7. Proportion of IOM research-related downloads by theme...........................................153 Figure 8. Proportion of IOM research-related downloads by region...........................................154 Chapter 5 Table 1. Factors influencing immigrants’ civic–political contributions.....................................169 Chapter 6 Table 1. Summary of the main inclusion models..................................................................189 Chapter 7 Figure 1. The determinants of migrant health throughout the migration cycle..........................212 Table 1. Summary of main health concerns of selected migrant groups in vulnerable situations.215 Figure 2. Global agendas for advancing migration and health goals .........................................224 Chapter 8 Figure 1. Global migrants under 20 years of age....................................................................236 Figure 2. Share of global migrants under 20 years of age .......................................................237 Figure 3. International migrants (millions) under 20 years of age, by region ............................238 Figure 4. Share of international migrants under 20 years of age, by region...............................239 Table 1. IOM/UNHCR/education sector – Rohingya child and youth population in Cox’s Bazar Refugee camps, Bangladesh, January 2019 .............................................................240 Figure 5. Demographic breakdown of Myanmar refugees in Bangladesh ....................................240 Figure 6. Demographic breakdown of Venezuelans in Colombia ...............................................241 xii WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 Chapter 9 Table 1. Three different ways of framing interactions between environmental change and migration.....................................................................254 Table 2. Examples from empirical research..........................................................................258 Figure 1. Emergence of human migration as a risk management topic in international climate policy..............................................................................265 Chapter 10 Table 1. International data on migrants and crises ..............................................................281 Figure 1. Migrant routes in Mexico, cyclone risk and past earthquakes ....................................283 Figure 2. Migrant presence and transit through Libya, and occurrence of violence ....................284 Table 2. The OECD guidelines on innovation adapted for responses to migrants caught in crisis...................................................................................................286 Chapter 11 Figure 1. What does “migrant” mean? .................................................................................294 Figure 2. Summary of the compacts and United Nations Network process timelines ...................295 Table 1. Global Compact for Migration objectives by category ...............................................298 Table 2. Thematic areas of focus in CRRF and Programme of Action........................................300 WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 xiii List of appendices Chapter 3 Appendix A. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Regions and Subregions....................................................................................313 Chapter 4 Appendix A. A brief overview of academic publishing ............................................................318 Appendix B. Contributions from academic journals .................................................................321 Chapter 6 Appendix A. Terms and definitions relating to migrants’ inclusion and social cohesion................338 Appendix B. The legal framework of migrants’ inclusion .........................................................341 Appendix C. Main findings of the Immigrant Citizens Survey ...................................................343 Chapter 7 Appendix A. Key priorities and actions for monitoring migrant health and developing migrant-sensitive health systems ......................................................345 Appendix B. Lessons learned in advancing a National Migration Health Policy and action framework in Sri Lanka...........................................................................347 Appendix C. Health in the implementation of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration......................................................................................350 Chapter 9 Appendix A. Policy processes of significance for the governance of environmental migration .......351 xiv WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 Chapter 10 Appendix A. Different crisis situations, different impacts on migrants ......................................354 Chapter 11 Appendix A. Timeline of main multilateral initiatives, processes, agreements and declarations devoted or relevant to migration ......................................................................356 Appendix B. Convergence and divergence between the Global Compact for Migration and prior global migration initiatives and processes ..................................................360