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Assimilation is the process of changing the adopted word according to the rules of the recipient language. The process of assimilation of borrowings includes changes in soundform, morphological structure, grammar characteristics, meaning and usage.
Phonetic assimilation comprises changes form and stress. Sounds that were alien to the English language were fitted into its scheme of sounds, e.g. In the recent French borrowings cafe the long [e] is rendered with the help of [ei]. The accent is usually transferred to the first syllable in the words from foreign sources.
Grammatical adaptation is usually a less lasting process, because in oder to function adequately in the recipient language a borrowing must completely change its paradigm. Though there are some well-known exceptions as plural forms of the English Renaissance borrowings - datum pi. data, criterion - pi. criteria and others.
The process of semantic assimilation has many forms: narrowing of
meanings (usually polysemantic words are borrowed in one of the meanings);
specialization or generalization of meanings, acquiring new meanings in the
recipient language, shifting a primary meaning to the position of a secondary
meaning.
Completely assimilated borrowings are the words which assimilated completely in other language. They take an active part in word-formation.