guruhga b o ‘lingan?
A. Ikki guruhga.
B. U ch guruhga.
C. Besh guruhga.
D. Olti guruhga.
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l - § . M a jb u r iy a td a q a tn a s h u v c h i t a r a f l a r v a
u la r n in g k o ‘p c h ilik b o i i s h i
M a jb u riy a td a q a tn a s h u v c h i ta r a f la r n in g b iri k re d ito r, ik k in c h isi —
q a r z d o r d e b a ta la d i. M a jb u r iy a td a q a r z d o r v a k r e d ito r b o ‘lib is h tiro k
e tu v c h ila r fu q a r o lik h u q u q v a m a jb u r iy a tla r g a e g a b o ‘la o la d ig a n
s h a x s la r b o ‘lish la ri k e ra k . M a jb u riy a tg a o id m u n o s a b a tla r d a k r e d ito r
v a q a r z d o r s ifa tid a f u q a ro la r , y u r id ik s h a x s la r, s h u n in g d e k , b a ’zi h o l-
la rd a 0 ‘z b e k is to n R e s p u b lik a s i h a m s u b y e k t sifa tid a is h tir o k e tish i
m u m k in .
F u q a ro lik h u q u q id a a k s a riy a t m a jb u riy a tla rd a q a tn a s h u v c h i sh a x sla r
b ir v a q tn in g o ‘z id a h a m k r e d ito r , h a m q a r z d o r b o ‘lib h is o b la n a d i.
M a s a la n , o ld i-s o td i s h a r tn o m a s id a s o tu v c h i s o tilg a n n a rs a n i to p s h iris h
y u z a s id a n q a rz d o r, u n in g s u m m a s in i ta la b q ilib o lish y u z a s id a n k re d ito r
h iso b la n a d i va a k sin c h a , s o tib o lu v c h i n a rs a n i ta la b q ilib o lish y u z a sid a n
k re d ito r, u n in g su m m a sin i t o ‘lash y u z a s id a n q a r z d o r h iso b la n a d i. B in o -
b a r in , m a jb u riy a td a is h tiro k e ta y o tg a n ta r a f la r d a , y a ’ni k r e d ito r v a
q a r z d o r d a h a m ta la b q ilish h u q u q i, h a m m a jb u riy a t b o ‘lsa, b u n d a y
m a jb u riy a tla r m u ra k k a b m a jb u r iy a tla r , d e b h a m y u ritila d i.
O d a td a , h a r b ir m a jb u r iy a td a ikki t a r a f — k r e d ito r v a q a r z d o r
q a tn a s h a d i. A m m o b a ’zi h o lla r d a m a jb u r iy a td a k r e d ito r y o k i q a r z d o r
ta r a f ld a y o x u d h a r ikki ta r a f d a h a m b ir n e c h a s h a x s la r is h tir o k e tish la ri
m u m k in . B u n d a y m a jb u r iy a tla r k o ‘p sh a x sli m a jb u riy a tla r h is o b la n a d i.
M a s a la n , b ir m u lk ikki s h a x s t o m o n id a n s o tib o lin g a n id a - s o tu v c h i
h u z u r id a u n in g s u m m a s in i t o ‘la s h y u z a s id a n q a r z d o r t o m o n id a n ikki
sh a x s q a tn a s h a d i.
M a jb u riy a td a k o ‘p c h ilik b o ‘lib q a tn a s h u v c h i s h a x s la r fa o l va passiv
is h tiro k c h ila rg a a jra tilis h i m u m k in . M a jb u r iy a td a k o ‘p c h ilik b o ‘lib
k r e d ito r ta r a f id a q a tn a s h u v c h i s h a x s la r — fa o l i s h tir o k c h ila r d e b ,
q a r z d o r ta ra fid a q a tn a s h u v c h i s h a x s la r e sa , p a ssiv is h tiro k c h ila r, d e b
a ta la d i. A g ar m a jb u riy a td a q a tn a s h u v c h i s h a x s la r ikki ta r a f d a h a m
k o ‘p c h ilik b o ‘lib is h tiro k e ts a , a ra la s h is h tir o k c h ila r d e b a ta la d i.
K o ‘p sh a x sla r is h tiro k e tg a n m a jb u r iy a tla r u lu s h li v a s h e rik m a j-
b u riy a tla rg a boM inadi. U lu s h li m a jb u r iy a tla r d a q a tn a s h u v c h i k re d i-
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to r la r n in g h a r biri q a r z d o r d a n te g ish li u lu s h in in g b a ja r ilis h in i ta la b
q ilish h u q u q ig a ega b o i s a , u lu s h li q a rz d o rla rd a n h a r b iri o 'z i g a teg ish li
u lu s h n i b a ja rish g a m a jb u r b o i a d i .
F u q a r o lik k o d e k sin in g 2 5 1 -m o d d a s id a k o ‘rs a tilg a n id e k , a g a r ulu slili
m a jb u riy a td a b ir n e c h a k r e d ito r y o k i b ir n e c h a q a r z d o r is h tir o k e tsa ,
b a s h a rti, q o n u n d a n yoki s h a r tn o m a d a n b o s h q a c h a ta rtib a n g la s h ilm a s a ,
u h o ld a h a r b ir k re d ito r m a jb u r iy a tn i b o s h q a la r b ila n te n g u lu s h la r d a
ta la b q ilish g a h a q li, h a r b ir q a r z d o r esa, b u ta la b n i b a ja ris h i s h a rt.
U lu sh li m a jb u riy a tg a ikki fiiq a ro to m o n id a n u lu s h la r g a b o i i n i b
q u rilg a n u y -jo y n in g s o tilis h id a s o tu v c h ila rd a n h a r b iri o ‘z u lu sh ig a
n is b a ta n te g ish li h a q n i ta la b q ilish y u z a s id a n k r e d ito r b o i i s h i n i m iso l
q ilib k o ‘rsa tish m u m k in .
Y u rid ik sh a x sla r o ‘rta s id a h a m u lu sh li m a jb u riy a tla r v u ju d g a k elish i
m u m k in . J u m la d a n , b ir n e c h a ta s h k ilo t b irg a la sh ib u y -jo y q u r g a n id a
ta s h k ilo tla r n in g h a r b iri o ‘z u lu s h ig a y a ra s h a u y -jo y n i b o s h q a r is h v a
u n d a n fo y d a la n is h h u q u q ig a eg a b o i a d i .
U lu sh ii m a jb u riy a tla rd a fa o l is h tiro k c h i b o i g a n k r e d ito r la r d a n h a r
b ir q a r z d o r d a n fa q a t o ‘ziga te g is h li u lu s h n ig in a ta la b q ilis h h u q u q ig a
eg a b o i s a , q a r z d o r la r d a n h a r biri o ‘zig a teg ish li u lu s h d a m a jb u riy a tn i
b a ja ris h g a m a jb u r b o i a d i .
K r e d ito rla rd a n b irig a m a jb u riy a tn in g q a rz d o rla rd a n b iri to m o n id a n
o ‘z u lu s h ig a y a ra sh a b a ja ris h i u lu s h li m a jb u r iy a tn i b u tu n la y b e k o r
q ilm a y d i. B u n d a y m a jb u riy a t to b o s h q a k r e d ito rla rn in g ta la b la ri k o n -
d irilg u n c h a y o k i b o s h q a q a r z d o r la r o ‘z u lu s h la rig a y a ra s h a m a jb u -
riy a tla rin i b a ja rg u n c h a s a q la n ib q o la d i.
K r e d ito r la r va q a rz d o rla r k o ‘p c h ilik b o i g a n ta q d ird a k r e d ito r la r d a n
h a r b iri q a r z d o r d a n q a iz n i b o s h q a la r b ila n te n g u lu s h d a ta la b q ilish g a
h a q li va q a rz d o r la r n in g h a r b iri e sa , b o s h q a la r b ila n te n g u lu s h d a
m a jb u r iy a tin i b a ja ris h g a m a jb u r b o i a d i . S h e rik lik m a jb u r iy a tla r g a
a s o s a n k r e d ito r m a jb u riy a tn in g t o i a h a jm d a b a ja rilis h in i, s h e r ik q a rz -
d o r la r n in g h a r q a y sisid a n m a jb u r iy a tn in g b u tu n la y b a ja rilis h in i ta la b
q ilish g a h a q li.
Y u q o rid a b e rilg a n t a ’rifga k o ‘ra , sh e rik lik m a jb u riy a tla rid a q a tn a -
s h u v c h ila r s ifa tid a q a r z d o r b itta , k r e d ito r la r b ir n e c h a b o i i s h i y o k i
b ir n e c h a k r e d ito r va b ir n e c h a q a r z d o r b o i i s h i m u m k in . S h e rik lik
a s o s id a m a jb u riy a t o lg a n la r s h e rik q a r z d o r la r b o i s a , s h e rik lik a so sid a
ta la b q ilish h u q u q ig a ega b o i g a n l a r s h e rik k r e d ito rla r, d e b a ta la d i.
S h e r i k l i k m a j b u r i y a t i n i n g m a z m u n i n i s h e r i k l i k m a j b u r i y a t i v a
s h e rik lik k a o id ta la b q ilish h u q u q la r i ta sh k il e ta d i. M a s a la n , b ir n e c h a
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shaxs b ir k is h ig a y o k i ta s h k ilo tg a z iy o n y e tk a z ilg a n id a q o n u n b y ic h a
sh e rik lik m a jb u riy a ti b e lg ila n a d i. B ir n e c h a v o risla rg a q a r a s h li, u lu s h li
v a b o ‘lin m a g a n u y - jo y b ir fu q a ro to m o n id a n so tib o lin g a n d a s h e rik lik k a
a so sla n g a n ta la b q ilis h h u q u q i v u ju d g a k e la d i. S h e rik lik m a jb u r iy a tid a
k re d ito rla rn in g ta la b la r i y o k i q a r z d o r la r n in g m a jb u riy a tla ri u lu s h la r g a
b o ‘lin m a y d i. A m m o k r e d ito r la r d a n b iri y o k i b ir n e c h ta s i q a r z n in g
q is m a n b a j a r i l i s h i n i t a l a b q ilis h h u q u q ig a e g a b o ‘la d i. S h e r i k l i k
(s o lid a rite t) a s o s id a b e lg ila n a d ig a n m a jb u riy a tg a k o ‘ra, q a r z d o r la r d a n
b iri to m o n id a n m a jb u riy a t b a ja rilm a g a n id a , u n in g u c h u n b o s h q a s h e rik
q a rz d o rla r ja v o b g a r b o ‘lish a d i v a, a k s in c h a , s h e rik q a r z d o r la r b a ja r m a -
g a n m a jb u r iy a tn in g b a ja rilis h in i b u n d a y q a rz d o r la r n in g b ir id a n g in a
ta la b q ilish h a m m u m k in .
F K n in g 2 5 2 - m o d d a s id a k o ‘r s a tilg a n id e k , q a rz d o r la r n in g s h e rik lik
m a jb u riy a ti b e l g ila n g a n id a k r e d ito r m a jb u r iy a tn in g q a r z d o r l a m i n g
b a rc h a s id a n b irg a lik d a , s h u n in g d e k , h a r q a y s is id a n a y r im - a y r im h o ld a
t o ‘la yoki q is m a n b a ja rilis h in i ta la b q ilish g a h a q lid ir. S h e rik q a r z d o r -
la rn in g b irid a n t o ‘la q a n o a t h o sil q ilm a g a n k re d ito r o lo lm a g a n n a rs a s in i
b o s h q a s h e rik q a r z d o r la r d a n ta la b q ilish g a h a q li. S h e rik q a r z d o r la r to
m a jb u riy a t t o ‘la b a ja rilg u n g a q a d a r q a r z d o r b o ‘lib q o la v e r a d i. S h e r ik
q a rz d o r la r n in g h a r b iri k r e d ito m in g ta la b la rig a q a rs h i e ’tir o z la r in i
b ild ira oladi. J u m la d a n , q a rz n in g ilgari t o ‘liq yoki q ism a n to M an g an lig in i
k o ‘rsa tish la ri m u m k in . A m m o s h e rik lik m a jb u riy a t boM gani h o ld a ,
q a rz d o r k re d ito rn in g ta la b la rig a q arsh i b o s h q a q a rz d o rla rn in g k re d ito rg a
n is b a ta n b o ‘lg a n , m a z k u r q a r z d o r is h tiro k e tm a g a n , m u n o s a b a tla r g a
a so sla n g a n e ’tir o z la r in i q o ‘y a o lm a y d i ( F K n in g 2 5 3 - m o d d a s i) .
M a sa la n : s h e r ik lik m a jb u riy a td a k r e d ito r G .n in g s h e rik q a r z d o r la r i
A. va V. la rd a n b iri a y ta y lik , V. b o s h q a b ir o d d iy m a jb u r iy a td a q a r z
s h a rtn o m a s i b o ‘y ic h a G .n in g k re d ito ri b o ‘lsa, b u n d a y h o ld a o ‘z a r o
h iso b la sh ish n i fa q a t V .g in a ta la b q ila o la d i. B in o b a rin , u n g a n is b a ta n
sh erik lik m a jb u riy a ti y u z a s id a n ta la b la r q o ‘y ilg a n id a fa q a t u n in g o ‘zig in a
e 'tir o z la r b ild ira o la d i. B o s h q a la r b u n d a y h u q u q g a e g a b o ‘la o lm a y d i.
S h e rik lik m a jb u r iy a tin in g q a r z d o r la r d a n b iri t o m o n id a n t o ‘la b a ja -
rilishi b o s h q a q a r z d o r la r n i k re d ito rg a n is b a ta n m a jb u riy a tn i b a ja ris h d a n
o z o d q ila d i. S h e r ik lik m a jb u r iy a tin i b a ja rg a n q a r z d o r , q o n u n y o k i
s h a r tn o m a la r d a b o s h q a c h a ta r tib b e lg ila b q y ilm a g a n b o ‘lsa , m a jb u -
riy a tn i b a ja rg a n q a r z d o r o ‘z u lu s h in i c h e g irib ta s h la b b o s h q a q a r z d o r -
la rg a te n g u lu s h la r d a re g re ss ta la b q o ‘y is h h u q u q ig a e g a b o ‘la d i. M a j-
b u riy a tin i b a ja rg a n q a r z d o r g a t o ‘la n m a g a n h a q b u v a b o s h q a q a r z d o r la r
z im m a s ig a te n g u lu s h la r d a tu s h a d i ( F K , 2 5 4 - m o d d a ) .
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A g a r s h e rik lik m a jb u riy a td a k r e d ito r la r b ir n e c h a b o ‘lsa , u h o ld a
s h e rik ta la b la r v u ju d g a k e lad i v a s h e r ik k r e d ito r la r n in g h a r q ay sisi
q a rz d o rg a n is b a ta n t o ‘la h a jm d a ta la b q o ‘y ish g a h a q li b o ‘la d i. B u n d a y
sh e rik lik ta la b la r g a fa o l sh e rik lik d e y ila d i. S h e rik lik ta la b la rig a b in o a n ,
q o n u n y o k i s h a r tn o m a d a b o s h q a c h a h o l k o ‘rsa tilm a g a n b o ‘lsa, q a r z d o r
k r e d ito r la m in g b irig a m a jb u riy a tn i t o ‘la h a jm d a b a ja ris h i m u m k in ,
k re d ito r e sa , q a b u l q ilib o lish g a m a jb u r. S h e rik k r e d ito r la r d a n h a r b iri
h a m q a r z d o r d a n m a jb u riy a tn in g t o ‘la h a jm d a b a ja rilish in i ta la b q ilish g a
h aq li. B u n d a y ta la b q o ‘y ilg a n d a q a r z d o r a n a s h u k r e d ito r la r d a n b irig a
n is b a ta n b a ja r is h d a n o z o d q ila d i ( F K , 2 5 5 - m o d d a , 3 - b a n d ) .
S h e rik lik ta la b la r k o ‘p in c h a b irg a lik d a g i f a o liy a td a n , s h e r ik m u a l-
liflik d a n v a b o s h q a b a ’zi h u q u q iy m u n o s a b a tla r d a n k e lib c h iq is h i
m u m k in . S h e rik k r e d ito rla rd a n h a r b iri h a ra k a ti b ila n b o s h q a k r e d ito r -
n in g m a n f a a tig a z iy o n y e tk a z m a slig i k e ra k . J u m la d a n , s h e rik k r e d ito r -
la rd a n b ir in in g q ilg a n h a ra k a ti q a r z d o r la r d a n b irin i m a jb u r iy a tn in g
m u a y y a n q is m in i b a ja ris h d a n o z o d q ilish g a q a ra tilg a n b o ‘lsa h a m , b u
q a r z d o r s h e r ik k r e d ito rla r h u z u rid a m a jb u riy a tn i t o ‘la b a ja r is h d a n o z o d
b o ‘lm a y d i. Q a r z d o r s h e rik k r e d ito rla rn in g biri t o m o n id a n q o ‘y ilg a n
ta la b g a q a rs h i o ‘z in in g b o sh q a s h e rik k r e d ito r la r b ila n b o ‘lg a n , m a z k u r
k r e d ito r is h tir o k e tm a g a n m u n o s a b a tla r g a a s o s la n g a n e ’tir o z in i q o ‘y a
o lm a y d i.
M a s a la n , p u d r a t s h a rtn o m a s i b o ‘y ic h a p u d r a tc h i b ir n e c h a ja m o a
x o ‘ja li g i n i n g b u y u r tm a s ig a b in o a n s t a d i o n q u r is h i k e r a k
b o ‘lib ,
k e y in c h a lik s h u j a m o a x o ‘ja lik la rin in g b irid a n b u y u rtm a n i k e c h ik tirib
b a j a r i s h g a m u h l a t o lg a n b o ‘ls a , q o lg a n j a m o a x o ‘j a l i k l a r i n i n g
b u y u rtm a s in i o ‘z v a q tid a b a jarish i u c h u n q o ‘y g an ta la b ig a k e c h ik tirib
b a ja rish u c h u n o lg a n m u h la tin i q a rsh i q o ‘y a o lm a y d i.
M a jb u r iy a tn in g q a r z d o r t o m o n s h e rik k r e d ito rla rid a n b ir in in g t o ‘la
h a jm d a b a ja rilis h i, u n i b o s h q a k re d ito r la rg a n is b a ta n b a ja r is h d a n o z o d
q ila d i. Q a r z d o r d a n m a jb u r iy a tn in g ijro sin i q a b u l q ilib o lg a n s h e rik
k re d ito r, b a s h a r ti u la r o ‘rtasid ag i m u n o s a b a tla r d a n b o s h q a c h a ta r tib
a n g la s h ilm a s a , b o s h q a k re d ito rla rg a te g ish li b o ‘lg an u lu s h la r n i toM ashi
sha;
F K , 2 5 5 - m o d d a ) . A ra la sh sh e rik lik m a jb u riy a tla rd a b ir v a q tn in g
o ‘z id a b ir n e c h a k r e d ito r v a q a r z d o r sh a x s is h tiro k e ta d i. B u n d a y
m a jb u riy a tla rn i b a ja rish ta rtib ig a fa o l v a s u s t s h e rik lik m a jb u riy a tla rin i
b a ja rish d e y ila d i. M a s a la n , sh ax siy m u lk h u q u q i a s o s id a u y - jo y g a e g a
boM gan b ir n e c h a fu q a ro t a ’m irlo v c h i b rig a d a b ila n p u d ra t s h a r tn o m a s i
tu z g a n boM sa, u la r d a n h a r biri m a jb u riy a tn in g toMa h a jm d a b a ja rilis h in i
b r ig a d a n in g h a r q ay si a ’z o s id a n ta la b q ilish g a h a q li.
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Tashkilotlar yuridik shaxs sifatida mustaqil mulkiy javobgarlikka
ega bo‘lib, xo‘jalik hisobi asosida ish olib borganliklari sababli har
qaysi tashkilot majburiyatini bajarmaganligi uchun o‘zicha alohida
javobgar bo‘ladi. Lekin ayrim hollarda aralash sheriklik majburiyati
asosida ham javobgarlik belgilanishi mumkin. Masalan, turli tashki-
lotlarga qarashli avtomashinadan bir necha fuqaroga ziyon yetkazilsa,
birgalikdagi aralash sherik javobgarlik belgilanishi mumkin.
Q o‘shimcha (subsidiar) majburiyatlar faqat qarzdorlar tarafida
vujudga keladi. Majburiyat asosiy qarzdor tomonidan bajarilmaganida
kreditor uning bajarilishini qo‘shimcha qarzdordan talab qilishga haqli.
Subsidiar javobgarlik asoslari FKning 329-moddasida nazarda tutilgan.
Bunga asosan qonun hujjatlari yoki majburiyat shartlariga muvofiq
asosiy qarzdor bo‘lgan boshqa shaxsning javobgarligiga qo‘shimcha
ravishda bo‘lgan (subsidiar javobgarlik) shaxsga talablar qo‘yishdan
oldin kreditor asosiy qarzdorga talab qo‘yishi kerak. Agar asosiy qarzdor
kreditorning talabini kondirishdan bosh tortsa yoki kreditor undan
qo‘yi!gan talabga oqilona muddatda javob olmagan bo‘lsa, bu talab
subsidiar javobgar bo‘lgan shaxsga qo‘yilishi mumkin. Kreditor asosiy
qarzdorga boMgan o ‘z talabini qondirilishni subsidiar javobgar shaxsdan
talab qilishga haqli emas, basharti, bu talab asosiy qarzdorga muqobil
talabni hisobga o‘tkazish yoki mablagMarni asosiy qarzdordan nizosiz
undirib olish yoMi bilan qondirilishi mumkin boMsa, subsidiar javobgar
shaxs o ‘ziga kreditor tomonidan qo‘yilgan talabni qondirilishdan oldin
bu haqda asosiy qarzdorni ogohlantirish, bordi-yu, bunday shaxsga
nisbatan da’vo ko‘zg‘atilgan boMsa — asosiy qarzdorni ishda qatna-
shishga jalb qilish kerak. Aks holda asosiy qarzdor o‘zining kreditorga
qarshi e’tirozlarini subsidiar javobgar shaxsning regress talabiga qarshi
qo‘yish huquqiga ega.
Sheriklik majburiyati bo‘yicha boshqalar uchun majburiyatni bajar-
gan qarzdor regress (qaytarma) da’vo huquqiga ega boMsa, qo‘shimcha
majburiyatni uchinchi shaxsga nisbatan bajargan qarzdor, agar qonun
yoki shartnomalarda boshqacha hol belgilanmagan boMsa, shu bajarilgan
narr ni qaytarib olish huquqiga ega boMmaydi. Masalan: ota-onalar,
farzandlikka olganlar vasiylar, homiylar, voyaga yetmagan bolalarning
harakati natijasida yetkazilgan zarami uchinchi shaxsga toMaganlarida
mazkur haqni qaytarib olish huquqiga ega emaslar.
Qo‘shimcha majburiyat qonun yoki shartnomalarda ko‘rsatilgan
taqdirdagina vujudga keladi. Jumladan, qonunda aytilishicha, o‘n
to‘rt yoshdan o ‘n sakkiz yoshgacha boMgan voyaga yetmagan o‘smir
www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi
tomonidan yetkazilgan ziyon uchun ulaming ota-onalari, vasiy va
homiylari qo‘shimcha javobgardirlar. Qo‘shimcha majburiyatga yana
bir misol qilib, to ‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri shartnomada ko‘rsatilgan bo‘lsa,
boshqa shaxs majburiyatining butunlay yoki qisman bajarilishi uchun
uning kreditori oldida javobgarlikni o‘z zimmasiga olgan kafilning
q o ‘shimcha javobgarligini ko‘rsatish mumkin. Ammo bu holda
majburiyatni bajargan kafil regress (qaytarma) da’vo qilish huquqiga
ega bo‘ladi.
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