Zahiriddin muhammad bobur nomidagi andijon davlat universiteti ingliz tili grammatikasi kafedrasi

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• Pronoun types Case type Nominative
• Language Categories Number Case
• Language Cases in pronouns Nominative Dative
• Preposi tional Exit
• Language Morphologically expressed gender types in pronouns Masculine

Languages Pronoun types	English	Uzbek
Russian
	Personal pronouns	+	+	+
	Possessive pronouns	+	+	+
	Reflexive	+	+	+
	Reciprocal	+	+	+
	Interrogative	+	+	+
	Negative	+	+	+
	Defining (generalizing)(all, each)	+	+	+
	Indefinite	+	+	+
	Conjunctive	+	+	+
	Demonstrative	+	+	+
	Relative	+	+	+
	Distinguishing or contrasting (other, another)	+	+	+

Problem of quantitative(few, many, much, several) and generalizing pronouns(we, you, one) in English.
Care should be taken that in English the pronouns like "my, your, his, her' may have some specific forms called absolute forms of the Possessive (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs)? which are their derivatives. The same can be said of the Uzbek possessive pronouns (мeнинг. Сeнинг (сeнлaрнинг), сизнинг, унинг, бизнинг, сизлaрнинг, улaрнинг) which should be treated as the conjoint forms of possessive pronouns (like their English counterparts), otherwise such absolute forms of the possessive pronouns as “ мeники, сeники, сeнлaрники, сизники, бизники, сизлaрники вa улaрники» can’t be explained as the derivatives of the conjoint forms of the Uzbek pronouns.

	Pronoun types	Case type
		Nominative	Possessive /genitive	Common	Objective
	Personal pronouns	+	-	-	+
	Possessive pronouns	-	-	-	-
	Reflexive	-	-	-	+
	Reciprocal	-	+	+	-
	Interrogative	+	-	-	+
	Negative	-	+	+	-
	Defining (general-izing)(all, each)	-	-	-	-
	Indefinite	-	+	+	-
	Conjunctive	+	-	-	+
	Demonstrative	-	-	-	-
	Relative	+	-	-	+
	Distinguishing or contrasting (other, another)	-	+	+	-

The grammatical categories of the pronouns in ME,MU and MR.

Matrix I

№	Language__Cases_in_pronouns__Nominative__Dative'>Language__Categories__Number__Case'>Language	Categories
		Number	Case	Gender	Person
	English	+	+(2)	-	+
	Uzbek	+	+(6)	-	+
	Russian	+	+(6)	+	+
				Мой, моя, моe

Matrix II

№	Language	Cases in pronouns
		Nominative	Dative	Possessive	Accusative (objective)	Instrumental	Ablative	Preposi tional	Exit
	English	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	-
	Uzbek	+	+	+	+	-	+	-	+
	Russian	+	+	+	+	+	-	+	-

Matrix III

№	Language	Morphologically expressed gender types in pronouns
		Masculine	Ferminine	Neutral
	English	-	-	-
	Uzbek	-	-	-
	Russian	+	+	+

The above comparison of the languages subjected to the analysis shows that English, Uzbek and Russian have both isomorphic and allomorphic features in their parts of speech systems in principle:

1.The isomorphic features:

1. 
   notional parts of speech(noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, numeral, interjection, modal words, response words, requestive, approximitive, words of category of state);
   
2. 
   semi-notional parts of speech(conjunctions, particles, prepositions/postpositions)
   

2.Allomorphic features:

1. 
   article (only English has it, Uzbek and Russian have not )
   
2. 
   postposition (only Uzbek has it)
   
3. 
   preposition (English and Russian have it, Uzbek has not)
   

If we speak of the isomorphic and allomorphic features of the nouns and pronouns in Modern English and Uzbek /Russian particularly, we can observe the following:
1.The Isomorphic features of the nouns:

1. 
   structural types are the same (but the subtypes differ)
   
2. 
   semantic types are the same (but the subtypes differ)
   
3. 
   English, Russian and Uzbek may have compound nouns called reduplicative compounds, for instance: шaрa-бaрa, helter-skelter, ош-пош, нон-пон, уй-пуй, пул-мул”, in Uzbek , unlike English and Russian, every noun may have its reduplicative compound.
   

2. The allomorphic features of the nouns:

1. 
   The English and Russian languages have the nouns of the singularia tantum and of the pluralia tantum
   
2. 
   Uzbek as no such nouns, all nouns can have both singular (болa) and plural forms (болa-лaр) including forms expressing stylistic semantics and colouring)
   
3. 
   English has about many morphemes (-s, -en, -ee-,-a, -i-, -ae, -i, etc. of plurality and “zero morpheme(of singularity (book -), zero morpheme of plurality(deer, sheep, etc.)
   
4. 
   Russian has such morphemes of plurality as “–ы, -a, -eнa, -i,” and “”zero “morpheme of both singularity and plurality (рadiо, мeтро, кофe, etc.
   
5. 
   English and Uzbek nouns have such grammatical categories as ” number and case”.
   
6. 
   Russian nouns have such grammatical categories as “number, case, gender, and animateness / inanimateness.
   

All the above mentioned comparative typological data should be taken into consideration while teaching English at Uzbek or Russian schools or visa versa and while translating.
1.The isomorphic features of the pronouns in the compared languages:

1. 
   The structural and semantic types of the pronouns are the same in principle( but their subtypes differ).
   
2. 
   In the English, Russian and Uzbek languages the pronouns have the grammatical category of number, person and case( Russian pronouns have also the grammatical category of gender);
   
3. 
   The syntactical functions of the pronouns are the same;
   

2. The allomorphic features of the pronouns in the compared languages:

1. 
   The English and Uzbek possessive pronouns have the two forms: 1) conjoint (my, your, his, her, our, your, their, мeнинг, сeнинг/сизнинг, унинг (қиz va ўғил болa учун), бизнинг, сизлaрнинг, улaрнинг); 2) absolute( mine-мeники , yours-сeники, his- уники( for both genders), hers-уники (for both genders), ours- бизники, yours- сизлaрники, theirs-улaрники), whereas their Russian counterparts have not);
   
2. 
   Russian pronouns have the grammatical category of gender, whereas English and Uzbek pronouns have not);
   
3. 
   In Uzbek and Russian the possessive pronouns have two forms «твой- сeнинг» and «вaш – сизнинг» (увaжитeльнaя формa) in singular, and two special forms in plural: “твои –сeнлaрнинг» and «вaши – сизлaрнинг» (увaжитeльнaя формa), whereas English has not such forms);
   
4. 
   The English personal pronouns have only two cases (nominative, objective), whereas their Uzbek and Russian counterparts have six (nominative, possessive, dative, accusative, locative, exit) cases.
   
5. 
   The English indefinite pronouns(somebody, anybody) and negative pronouns have only two cases like nouns( common and possessive cases), whereas their Uzbek and Russian counterparts have six cases;
   

All these isomorphic and allomorphic features of the pronouns mentioned above should be taken into account while working out effective methods of teaching English at Uzbek or Russian Schools or visa versa.


Questions on the theme:

1. 
   What is morphemics?
   
2. 
   What is a morpheme?
   
3. 
   What is a morph?
   
4. 
   What morpheme types do you know?
   
5. 
   What is a free morpheme?
   
6. 
   What is a bound morpheme?
   
7. 
   What is a fused morpheme?
   
8. 
   What is a zero morpheme?
   
9. 
   What is the difference between a morpheme and a flection(ending, affix: prefix, infix, postfix (or even may be : a morpheme and a”prepostfix”(as in “demoralize )or an “inpostfix”(as in “speedometer )?
   
10. 
    What is an allomorph?
    
11. 
    What are the main notions of morphology?
    

1. 
   What do you understand by the notion of a part of speech?
   
2. 
   What are the quantitative and qualitative differences of nouns and pronouns in the languages compared?
   
3. 
   What grammatical categories have nouns?
   
4. 
   What structural and semantic types of nouns are there in Modern English and Uzbek/Russian?
   
5. 
   What grammatical categories do Uzbek nouns not have but Modern that English and Russian have?
   
6. 
   What grammatical categories do English and Russian nouns not have but Modern Uzbek has no?
   
7. 
   Do Uzbek nouns have such subtypes as “ nouns of the singularia tantum” and “ nouns of the pluralia tantum” like the case in English and Russian?
   
8. 
   How is the grammatical category of number of nouns represented in Modern English and Uzbek/Russian?
   
9. 
   What ways of representing the grammatical category of gender of nouns in Modern English and Uzbek/Russian do you know?
   
10. 
    Which of the three main ways( morphological, lexical, syntactical) of forming the grammatical category of gender is typical of Modern English?
    
11. 
    Which of the three main ways of forming the grammatical category of gender is typical of Modern Uzbek/Russian?
    
12. 
    What language uses all the three ways of forming the grammatical category of gender?
    
13. 
    What grammatical categories have the pronouns in Modern English and Uzbek/Russian?
    
14. 
    What similarities and dissimilarities of the grammatical categories of pronouns are there in Modern English and Uzbek/Russian?
    
15. 
    By what are the similarities and dissimilarities of the grammatical categories of pronouns in Modern English and Uzbek/Russian accounted for?
    

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