Zahiriddin muhammad bobur nomidagi andijon davlat universiteti ingliz tili grammatikasi kafedrasi

Activity 3. Below is a passage tracing the development of universities. Read it through. When you have finished reading it do exercise which follows the passage.
The Development of Universities
The word ' university' comes from the Latin word ' universitas' meaning 'the whole'. Later, in Latin legal language ' universitas' meant 'a society, guild or corporation' . Thus, in mediaeval academic use the word meant an association of teachers and scholars. The modern definition of a university is 'an institution that teaches and examines students in many branches of advanced learning, awarding degrees and providing facilities for academic research'.
The origins of universities can be traced back to the Middle Ages, especially the twelfth to fourteenth centuries. In the early twelfth century long before u niversities were organised in the modern sense, students gathered together for higher studies at certain centres of learning. The earliest centres in Eu rope were at Bologna in Italy, for law, founded in 1088; Salerno in Italy, for medicine; and Paris, France, for philosophy and theology, founded in 1150. Other early ones in Europe were at Prague, Czechoslovakia, founded in 1348; Vienna, Austria, founded in 1365; and Heidelberg, Germany, founded in 1386.
The first universities in England were established at Oxford in 1185 and at Cambridge in 1209. The first Scottish university was founded at St Andrews in 1412. By comparison, the oldest universities in the USA are at Harvard, founded in 1636 , and Yale, established in 1701.
In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, three more universities were founded in Scotla nd: at Glasgow in 1415 , Aberdeen in 1 494, and Edinbu rgh in 1582. The next English university to be fou nded was not until the nineteenth century - London, in 1836 . This was followed, later in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, by the foundation of several civic universities. These had developed from provincial colleges which were mainly situated in industrial areas. Manchester, for example, received its charter in 1880, and Birmingham in 1900. In addition, the federal University of Wales was established in 1893 comprising three co l leges.
Several other civic universities were founded in the 1940s and 1950s, such as Nottingham in 1948, Southampton in 1954 and Exeter in 1957 . However, it was in the 1960s that the largest single expansion of higher education took place in B ritain . This expansion took three basic forms: existing universities were enlarged; new universities were developed from existing colleges; and seven completely new universities were founded, mostly away from town centres and in the countryside, e.g. Warwick, 1965. The Open University was founded in 1969: it is non-residential and uses correspondence courses combined with TV and radio broadcasts.A big development in recent years was an Education Act in 1992 that allowed former polytechnics to become universities.
Before the Act there were 47 universities in the U K; after the Act there were 86 universities. All British universities receive some government funding, except Buckingham, which is Britain's only independent university, founded in 1 983 . This runs two-year courses instead of the usual three years.