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incubation [,inkju'beijh|: Incubation period is the time during which pathogenic microorganisms grow in the body.
prodromal |,prodr3uml]: Prodromal period is the time when the characteristic symptoms of an infectious disease have not appeared yet, but the patient feels a general malaise.
parenterally [pae'rentarsli]: All intramuscular and intravenous injections are given parenterally, i.e. directly into the organism but not orally.
serum I'siaram]: Serum is the watery fluid which remains after blood has coagulated.
Answer the following questions:
1. What do pathogenic microorganisms do in the human body during the period of incubation? 2. During what period of an infectious disease haven’t its characteristic symptoms appeared yet? 3. What does the term “parenterally” mean? 4. What is the watery fluid which remains after blood has coagulated called?
1. Read Text B. 2. Entitle it. 3. Say how infection spreads in this disease. 4. Put ten questions to cover all the text.
Text В
In hepatitis the source of virus is a sick person who may spread the infection by personal contact from the last days of the incubation period during the entire course of the disease. But the infection is particularly virulent in the prodromal period and in the first week of the disease. The patient’s blood being highly infective, even a small dose of 0.1 ml may be dangerous for a person.
In case of Virus A hepatitis infection enters the body through the mouth when eating infected food or drinking water. In case of Virus В hepatitis infection enters parenterally during transfusions of blood, plasma and serum, prophylactic vaccinations or is due to inadecuately sterilized instruments.
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Cycle VI. Diseases
Epidemic (Virus A) hepatitis most commonly occurs late in autumn, early in winter, or in spring. The incubation period lasts from 14 to 50 days, but in Virus В hepatitis it is from 2 to 6-8 months.
Botkin’s disease causes inflammatory changes and degeneration of hepatic cells and damage to the bile ducts due to which bile enters the lymph flow and subsequently the blood. The tissues of the spleen, gallbladder and the nervous and endocrine systems become involved simultaneously with the liver.
LESSON 45
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
I. Напишите известные вам сочетания слов blood и heart с другими словами (не менее пяти на каждое слово).
II*. Замените выделенные слова близкими по значению:
1. In our country prophylactic vaccination is carried out against a number of infectious diseases (preventive, supportive). 2. Before making a blood transfusion the blood group is to be determined (to be obtained, to be established).
Jaundice may result from the impairment of the common bile duct (to be due to, to result in). 4. The pain was stated to radiate to the left arm and shoulder (to spread to, to lead to). 5. The temperature was known to have risen suddenly at the onset of the attack (to have decreased, to have elevated). 6. The incidence of this disease varies in different age groups (changes, exchanges).
Составьте из двух предложений одно, пользуясь данными в скобках союзами и глаголами в нужном времени:
1. The infection will not appear (if). The instruments... adequately (to remove, to sterilize, to eliminate). 2. Certain viruses will be destroyed (as soon as). The temperature of the substance... to 100 °C (to elevate, to exclude, to support). 3. Bile will enter the lymph flow (after). The degeneration of the hepatic cells and damage to the bile ducts... (to diminish, to support, to occur). л IV.
IV. Переведите предложения, используя самостоятельный причастный оборот (письменно):
1. Так как была первая неделя гепатита, то инфекция была особенно заразна. 2. Когда была сделана срочная операция по поводу гангренозного аппендицита, у больного были сняты все болезненные симптомы. 3. Когда обильное желудочное кровотечение было остановлено, была устранена опасность для жизни больного.
Unit 4. The Diseases of the Liver and Bile Ducts
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Запомните чтение следующих слов. Найдите их перевод ниже: cholecystitis [.kaulisis'taitis], intrahepatic [,intrahi'paetik], extrahepatic
[.ekstrahi'psetik], hypochondrium fhaipo'kDndriam], umbilical [Am'bilikl], peritoneum (.регйэи'ппэт], chemotherapy [,кетэи'9егэр1].
Брюшина, холецистит, воспаление желчного пузыря, химиотерапия, лекарственная терапия, внутрипеченочный, пупочный, подреберная область, подреберье, внепеченочный.
Выучите следующие слова: constipation [.knnsti'peifn] п запор irritation [m'teijh] п раздражение
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