Yusupov Oybek Nematjonovich Ahmedova Nigora Shavkatovna

 
 
 
 

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50 
 
 
Questions for discussion? 
1. What is contextual meaning? 
2. Characterize the ways of creation of transferred meaning? 
3. What is linguistic nature of a stylistic device of metaphor? 
4. What is the reason of becoming metaphors trite? 
5. What is stylistic function of metaphors? 
6. What is linguistic nature of a stylistic device of metonymy? 
7. What are the types of metonymy?
8. What is linguistic nature of irony? 
CONTENTS
 

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51 
2. Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings 
There are special SDs which make a word materialize distinct dictionary 
meanings. They are zeugma and the pun. 
Zeugma
is the use of a word in the same 
grammatical but different semantic relations to two adjacent words in the context, the 
semantic relations being on the one hand literal, and on the other, transferred [55]. e. 
g. Dora, plunging at once into privileged intimacy and into the middle of the room. 
Zeugma is a strong and effective device to maintain the purity of the primary 
meaning when two meanings clash. 
The pun
is another S.D. based on the interaction 
of two well-known meanings of a word or a phrase. It is difficult to draw a hard and 
fast distinction between zeugma and pun. The only reliable distinguishing feature is a 
structural one: zeugma is the realization of two meanings with the help of a verb 
which is made to refer to different subjects or objects ( direct and indirect). The pun is 
more independent [64]. Like any S.D. it must depend on a context. But the context 
may be of a more expanded character, sometimes even as large as a whole work of 
emotive prose. 
e.g.- Did you miss my lecture ? 
- Not at all. 
Pun seems to be more varied and resembles zeugma in its humourous effect 
only. 
Polysemy. 
Derivative logical meanings always retain some semantic ties with 
the primary meanings and are strongly associated with them [64]. Most of the 
derivative logical meanings fixed in dictionaries are usually shown with the words 
they are connected with and are therefore considered b o u n d l o g i c a l m e a n i n 
g s . The primary and derivative meanings are sometimes called f r e e and b o u n d 
meanings respectively, though some o f the derivative meanings are not bound in 
present-day English. 

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52 
In actual speech p o l y s e m y vanishes if the word is not used deliberately for 
certain stylistic purposes. A context generally materializes one definite meaning. That 
is why we state that polysemy vanishes in speech, or language-in-action. 
Let us analyze the following example: 
“Massachusetts was hostile to the American 
fl a g , 
and she would not allow it to be 
hoisted on her State House .” 
The word “flag” is used in its primary meaning when it appears in combination 
with the verb “to hoist” and in its derivative (or contextual) meaning in the 
combination “was hostile to ”