Y3I>EK11ctoh pecnYI>U11kac11 ou11 ba ypta

0!lOu11Oa11 6e!lzu!la11 a11 «yno11 cmaa«a!l o6!luzau.uR!l . YJlapHHHr 6ax,OcHHH TOnHw)l, y3rapMac YeKJlaHraH peHTa MO)l,eJl l\ JlJl HHJlHwH MyMKHH. yH)l, peHTaHHHr 6Ow x,a)l,H R = g x N (g – KynOHJl cp H3; N – O6Jl u,H51 HOMHHaJlH). yH)l, Tawl\apH, O6Jl rau,H51 Hr cyH)l,HpHJlHw cyMMacHHH x,HcO6ra OJlHw JlO3HM. yH)l,a O6JlHrau, 51 6ax,OcH:

n
IJ gxNx ^(1i)
1 _ N _.

(1i)ⁿ xi
(1i)ⁿ

Arap TyJlOBJl p i1HJlHra m MapOTa6a i1HJlJlHK j cTaBKa)l,a x,HcO6Jl 6 aMaJl a OwHpHJlca, yH)l,

IJ gxNx
(1


(1
^j )^mn 1
m _
^j )^mn xj m

(1
N _.

^j ₎mn
m

06JlHrau,H51 )l,apOMa)l,JlHJl HHHHr KynOH HOpMacH g ra TeHr. apOMa)l,JlHJl KHHHr OpHi1 HOpMacH
_{i }gxN
T _IJ
06JlHrau,H51 )l,apOMa)l,JlHJl HHHHr TyJlHl\ HOpMacHHH x,HcO6Jl i1 3.
yH)l, l\ l\ My)l,)l, TJl l\ TJl l\OFO3Jl 6yi1 )l, pOMa)l,JlHJl HH TOnHw)l, rHra yx,waw i1yJl TyTaMH3. l\HJlai1Jl , O6JlHrau,H51 cyH)l,HpHJlryHHra l\ )l, p t₁ i1HJl l\OJlraH)l,a U' Hapx,)l, cOTH6 OJl
Ba cyH)l,HpHJlHwHra t₂ i1HJl l\OJlraH)l,a U " Hapx,)l,a cOTHJlraH. U' Ba U" yYyH l\ i1 )l,arH TeHrJlHKHH OJl H3:

IJ ^(1i)^{t1 t2} IJ ^i  (
IJ ^
IJ ^
1
) ^{t1 t2} 1.

Arap U' Ba U" 6ax, Jl (Hapx,Jl ) Ha3apHi1 paBHw)l, 6ax,OJl H x,HcO6Jl cp pMyJlacHra MOc x,HcO6Jl 6 TOnHJl , yH)l, cp yJl ycTH)l,a TerHwJl Onepau,H51Jl pHH aMaJl OwHpHw)l, H Kei1
l\ i1H)l,arHHH OJlHw MyMKHH:



t

t_{2
i }^( g(1i₂ )
1) i₂ ) xi₁ (1 i₁ )

t₁
t
1
_t₁ t


2
1.

( g((1i ) ¹ 1) i )xi
(1i ) ²

 1 1 2 2 
3H)l,H cp pa3 l\HJlai1Jl , t₂=0, 51 HH O6Jl rau,H51 3racH TOMOHH)l,aH cOTHJl raH, 6aJl H My)l,)l, TH)l, cyH)l,HpHJlraH, yH)l, yHHHr )l, pOMa)l,JlHJl rH:


i _
i₁ (1i₁ )

1

t₁
t
1
^t1
_ 1.

_(g
((1
i ) ¹ 1) 
ⁱ1 

y x,OJl)l, )l, pOMa)l,JlHJl i cyH)l,HpHJl Hra 6yJl )l, pOMa)l,JlHJl )l, i1HJla)l,H. Jla)l, KBa)l, l\ cJlap)l, H Ba )l,apa a)l, H HcpO)l,aJl 1 (6Hp)l, ) KaTTa 6yJl )l, Ma)l,Jl Jl MabHOra 3ra.
Ho!l «yno11!lu o6!l au.uR!l . y O6Jl u,HJl p )l,HcKOHTa 6HJl H cOTHJla)l,H, yJl pHHHr 6ax,OcH:

IJ 
N _.
(1i)ⁿ

yH)l, i1 O6JlHrau,H51Jl p )l, pOMa)l,JlHJl HHHHr OpHi1 HOpMacH HOJl a TeHr, YyHKH g = 0. MaHTHl\ H OJl)l, rH cpOpMyJl ra yx,wa6 )l, pOMa)l,JlHJl KHHHr TyJl l\ HOpMacHHH TOnaMH3:
₁ 1

1
t

IJ ^^{t1 t2
}(1i ) ^{1 t1 t2}

i _
_ 1;
^{i }(1i
₎t₂ ^
1.

_IJ ^_
 2 

apOMa)l, x,OcHJl 6yJla)l, , arap l\ i1 )l, TeHrcH3JlHK 6a apHJl :
(1 +i₁)^t > (1 +i )^t
1 2 2.
Arap 6aHK )l, 3HT cTaBKacH i₁ Bal\ yTHwH 6HJl y3rapMaca (i₁= i₂), yH)l, )l, Ma)l, x, )l, HM 6yJla)l,H. 3 l\HJlai1Jl , t₂= 0, 51 HH O6Jl u,H51 y3 3racH)l,a cyH)l,HpHJl HHYa l\OJl , yH)l, i = i₁ (HOJl KynOHJl O6JlHrau,H51)l,aH )l,apOMa)l, 6aHK )l,enO3HT cTaBKacHra TeHr).

Eup MapoMOa opmu6 6opya u «yno11 cmaa«a!l o6!luzau. R!l . yH)l,ai1 O6JlHrau, 51 Hr 6ax,OcHHH TOnHw)l, TyJlOBJl H y3rapMac OpTyBYH y3rapyBYaH peHTa MO)l, Jl l\ JlJl i1 . yH)l, R=gxN, E = g'xN (g'- KynOH cTaBKacH g HH MabJl M )l, Bp)l,arH OpTHwH). YH)l,a O6JlHrau,H51 HHr 6a=OcH:
n n
_{IJ gxNx} (1 i) 1 _Ex (1 i) (1 in) _N _.

i(1i)ⁿ
i(1i)ⁿ
(1i)ⁿ

KynOH )l, OMa)l,JlHJl n YH )l,aBp yYyH Iyi1H)l,arHYa 6W,Jl )l,H: g + g'(n- 1). )l{OpHi1 )l, Ma)l,JlHJl :
_{i }[ g g ^(n 1)]xN _.
1 _IJ
apOMa)l,JlHJl HHHr TyJlHl\ HOpMacH:

n

2

2

n
1

^[ gxi [(1i )ⁿ
_{i } 2 2
1] g^(1i₂ )
(1i₂n)]  i₂
xi₁
(1i₁ )
_t₁ t₂
.

1 ^ _n
[gxi₁[(1i₁ )
1] g^(1i₁ )
(1i₁n)]  i₁
xi_2
n 

2
(1i₂ ) _

n

2
" aHu,y3 peHTacH” TypH)l, H O6JlHrau, 51Jl . yH)l,ai1 O6Jl au,H51Jl H 6ax,OJl )l, y3rapMac
)l, i1 peHTa MO)l,eJl l\ JlJl HHJla)l,H. Yw6y O6JlHrau,H51JlapHH 6ax,OJl MO)l,eJl OJl)l,HH)l,aH 6eJl Jl H KynOH cTaBKaJl O6Jl au,H51Jl H 6ax,OJl MO)l,eJl a yx, . y MO)l,eJlJl 6Hp 6HpH)l, cpal\ “x,aeT
)l, BOMHi1Jl H” – “cp aHu, 3 peHTacH” TypH)l,arH O6JlHrau,H51Jlap yYyH n YeKcH3Jl Ka HHTHJl )l, . YH)l, 6y O6JlHrau,H51Jl pHHHr 6ax,OcH:
IJ ^gN .
i
Arap TyJlOBJl p i1HJlHra P MapOTa6a aMaJl a OwHpHJl , yH)l, 6ax,O:

IJ 
gN _.
P[(1i)^{1/ P} 1]

apOMa)l,JlHJl HHHr KynOH HOpMacH - g. apOMa)l,JlHJl HHHr OpHi1 HOpMacH:
_{i }gxN _.
T _IJ
apOMa)l,JlHJl HHHr TyJlHl\ HOpMacH l\yi1H)l, rH HcpO)l,a)l,aH x,HcO6Jl Ha)l,H:

1
IJ ^^t1t2
1


_{i }t₁ t₂

i _
_ 1,
i _^1 _
1.

^{IJ }
T.e.
ⁱ2 

apOMa)l,Jl Jl x,OcHJl 6yJla)l, , arap i₁ > i₂ 6yJlca Ba 6yH)l,aH l\yi1H)l,arH x,yJlOca YHl\a)l,H: 6y x,OJl cO)l, 6yJla)l,H l\ YOHKH, O6Jl rau,H51 i₁ 6aHK cTaBKacH 6yi1 yHHHr cOTHJlHwH)l, rH i'₂ 6aHK cTaBKacH)l, ol\OpHpOl\ cTaBKa)l, cOTH6 OJl . 51 TabKH)l,Jlaw JlO3HMKH, O6Jl rau,H51Jl pHHHr cOTHJl H Ba cOTH6 OJl Hapx,Jl 6aHK cTaBKacHra TecKapH 6OFJlHl\Jl K)l, 6yJla)l, .
A«u.uR!l . AKu,H51HHHr MyOMaJl My)l,)l,aTH YeKJlaHMaraH 6yJlraHJl rH yYyH i1HJlJl
)l,HBH)l,eH)l,Jl HH J( a6cOJl MHl\)l,Op)l, y3rapMac Ba 6Hp 6HpHra TeHr )l, OJlH6, aKu, 51Jl HHr 6ax, cHHH aHHl\Jlaw)l,a )l, MHi1 peHTa MO)l,eJl l\ JlJl w MyMKHH. y MO)l, Jl)l,a peHTa x,a)l,H R = J(, yH)l, aKu,H51 r 6ax, cH:

IJ 
J( _.
i

AKu,H51 6ax,OcHHH aHHl\Jlaw)l,a aKu,H51Jl p KypcH TywyHYacH HwJlaTHJl )l, . AKu,H51 KypcH aKu, 51 6ax,OcHHH yHHHr HOMHHaJl ra HHc6aTH KypHHHwH)l,a TOnHJl )l,H:

J(


K ^IJ ^N
N i


eKH yJlywJl 6HpJlHrH)l, , eKH cp H3Jl )l, (6y x,OJl)l, TeHrJl HHHr HKKaJl TOMOHHHH 100 cp ra Kynai1 Hw JlO3HM) x,HcO6Jl Ha)l,H. ab3H TerHwJlH a)l,a6HeTJlap)l,a “aKu,H51 KypcH” TywyHYacH)l,a
)l,HBH)l,eH)l,Jl HH HKKH x,HJl HcpO)l,aJl w (a6cOJl MHl\)l,Op)l, Ba cpOH3Jl )l, ) 6HJlaH 6OFJlHl\ 6Hp MyHYa YaJl JlHKJlap MaB y)l,. HJl KepaKKH, )l, H)l,eH)l, x,ap )l, HM a6cOJl (nyJl 6HpJl rH)l, ) MHl\)l, p)l, HcpO)l, Jl )l, , cpOH3Jl )l, rH HcpO)l, cH 3ca )l,HBH)l,eH)l,HHHr a6cOJl MHl\)l,OpHHH HOMHHaJl Hapx,H 6HJlaH cOJl wTHpHw)l, H KeJl YHl\apHJl )l,H.
"AKu,H51 6ax,OcH” TywyHYacHHH KypHw)l, x,HcO6Jl 6 TOnHJla)l, H 6ax,OcH Ha3ap)l,a TyTHJl .
X, 6Jl TOnHJla)l, aH 6ax,O)l, Tawl\ aKu, 51 51 l\yi1 )l, 6ax, Jl a 3ra:

• 
  HOMHHaJl 6ax,Ora (HOMHHaJl );
  
• 
  Kypc 6ax,Ora (aKu,H51HHHr 6O3Op 6ax,OcH eKH 6Hp a Hapx,H cHcpaTH)l,a x,H3MaT l\HJla)l,H);
  
• 
  6yXraJlTepJlHK (x,HcO6 KHTO6H)l, H) 6aJl 6ax,OcH.
  

HOMHHaJl – 6y aKu,H51 6HpJlaMYH 3MHccH51cH)l,a KypcaTHJlraH 6ax,OcH.
AKu, 51Jl HHr Kypc eKH 6O3Op 6ax,OcH (Hapx, ) TypJl Ya Ba x,ap x,HJl cp pMyJlaJl ep)l, )l, x,HcO6Jl 6 TOnHJla)l, . AKu,H51HHHr 6y 6ax,OcHHH x,HcO6Jl w)l, l\ JlJl HHJla)l,HraH ycyJlJl )l, 6HpH)l, HKKH Typ)l,arH HHBecTOpJl MaB y)l,JlHrH)l, H KeJl YHl\HJla)l,H. VI TOpJl r 6Hp TypH ol\OpH
)l,HBH)l,eH)l,Jl pra i1 HaJlraH 6yJl a, HKKHHYH TypH 3ca aKu,H51JlapHHHr 6O3Op 6ax,OcHHH OpTHwHra HHTHJl )l,H. WyHra MOc paBHw)l, , aKu, 51Jl HHr 6O3Op Hapx, (6ax, cH) ypTaYa Ba3HJl THpHJl aH cyMMa KypHHHwH)l, aHHl\Jl )l, :

J(
IJ _p x
i
yIJ₃ , x y 1,

6yH)l, x – 6aJlaH)l, )l,HBH)l,eH)l,Jl HH Op3y l\HJl BYH HHBecTOpJl yJlywH; y – aKu,H51 Jl p Kypc Hapx,HHHHr OwHwHHH x,Ox,Jl HHBecTOpJl yJlywH; IJ₃ – 6yJl yTraH caB)l,OJlap)l, (caB)l,OJlapHHHr enHJl H KyHH)l,a) aKu,H51JlapHHHr yw6y TypHra 6eJl rHJl HraH 6O3Op 6ax,OcH (Hapx,H).
AKu,H51Jl HHHr 6O3Op Hapx,HHH x,HcO6Jl w)l, x Ba Y l\Hi1MaTJlapHra 6OFJlHl\ x,OJl)l,a Kypc (Y ;: 1) eKH
)l, H)l, H)l, (x ;: 1) eH)l,awyB HwJl HJl H MyMKHH. Jl HH Ha Kypc Ba Ha )l,HBH)l,eH)l, eH)l, wyB aKu, 51Jl HHr peaJl 6ax, cHHH aHHl\Jl )l, l\ HHl\apJl HaTH a 6epa OJl ai1)l, .
AKu,H51Jl HHHr KeJl K)l,arH )l, BpJl p)l,arH 6O3Op 6ax, (Hapx,HHH) TeXHHK Tax,JlHJl MeTO)l,Jl pH ep)l, )l, x,HcO6Jl TOnHJla)l, (4.7-naparpacp l\apaJl H). y MeTO)l,Jl a acOcaH aBBaJl )l, BpJl 6yi1 MabJl M 6yJl aKu,H51Jl pHHHr Kypc Hapx,Jl H cTaTHcTHKacH acOcH)l,a yw6y aKu,H51Jl p KypcHHH KeJl K)l,arH y3rapHwH npOrHO3 l\HJlHHa)l,H.
AKu,H51Jl HHHr 6aJl Hapx,H – 6y aKu,H51)l,OpJl aMH51 HHHr cOcp aKTHBJl H x,a MHHH (cyMJl p)l,arH) yHHHr Oi1Jl THpHJlraH (TyJl HraH) aKu,H51Jl pH cOHHra HHc6aTH. AKu,H51)l,OpJl
aMH51 HHHr cOcp aKTHBJl l\ i1 )l, Ya x,HcO6JlaHa)l, : aKTHBJl (acOcHi1 BOcHTaJl , HOMaTepHaJl aKTHBJl , O6OpOT Ma6Jl Jl ) cyMMacH MHHyc aMH51 Hr l\ap3JlapH (Kpe)l, pJl 6HJl x,HcO6- KHTO6Jl , l\ Ma6Jl Jl , KeJl aK )l,aBpJlap )l, Ma)l,Jl ). AKu, 51Jl HHr 6aJl 6ax,OcH x,ap i1 Jl 6Hp MapOTa6a i1HJlJlHK 6aJl HcHH enHJl H)l, H Kei1 x,HcO6Jl Ha)l,H. KynHHYa aKu,H51 HHr 6O3Op Hapx,HHH x,HcO6Jlaw)l, yHHHr 6aJl c 6ax, cH HwJl Jla)l, .
AKu,H51Jl )l, pOMa)l,JlHJl O6JlHrau,H51Jl pHHKHra yx,waw x,HcO6Jl 6 TOnHJla)l,H.
apOMa)l,JlHJl HHHr yY KypcaTKHYHHH a paTH6 KypcaTHw MyMKHH:

1. 
   )l, pOMa)l,JlHJl HHHr )l, BH)l, H)l, HOpMacH (cpOH3Jl )l, HcpO)l,aJl HraH )l, H)l, H)l, aKu,H51 HOMHHaJlHra HHc6aTH);
   

2. 
   )l, pOMa)l,JlHJl HHHr OpHi1 HOpMacH ()l,HBH)l,eH)l, aKu,H51HH cOTH6 OJl Hapx,Hra HHc6aTH):
   

J(
i_T  
IJ
J(


J( / i
i;

yHHHr MHl\)l,OpH 6aHKHHHr Kpe)l, cTaBKacHHH HcpO)l,aJl i1)l, ;

3. 
   )l, pOMa)l,JlHJl HHHr TyJlHl\ HOpMacH eKH aKu,H51 Bal\THHHr L't )l, BpH)l,a 3raJl l\HJlHw)l, rH
   

)l, Ma)l,Jl Jl . yH)l, L't – i1 JlJl HHr 6yTyH 6yJl aH cOHHra MapTTa (KpaTHO) OwHpHJl aH )l, cp l\HJlH6, 6H3ra MabJlyM 6yJlraH cOTHw Hapx,H U₁ Ba cOTH6 OJl Hapx,H U₂ ypTacH)l, HHc6aTHH l\yJlJl , l\ i1H)l, rH cp Jl OJl :

IJ₁ (1i)
t
IJ ₂ ,

yH)l,a

^x₂


i ^{i2
 x}1
1

2 32 ^
D y IJ ^ t




1.


ⁱ1
J( y₁IJ_{32 }


Arap cp pMyJl )l, l\ cJl )l, Hcp )l, MHl\)l, pH 1 (6Hp)l, ) KaTTa 6yJl , )l, OMa)l,JlHJlHK MaB y)l, 6yJla)l,H.
al\ T )l,HBH)l,eH)l,Jl HH x,Ox,Jl BYH HHBecTOpJl (aKu,H51 r Kypc Hapx,H y3rapHwHHH x,HcO6ra OJlMai1)l, raH) yYyH aKu,H51 KypcaTKHYJl HHH x,HcO6Jl wHH KypaMH3, 51bHH x₁ - x₂= l, y₁ =y₂ =0. yH)l,

)l, Ma)l,Jl Jl	HOJl)l, KaTTa 6yJla)l, , arap i1 > i2 6yJl ,	51 H 6aHK cTaBKacH nacai1	)l,
)l, pOMa)l,JlHJl	HH Ky3aTHw MyMKHH (aJl aTTa, y3rapMac )l,HBH)l, HJl	MHl\)l,OpH)l, ).

X, 3Hp)l, 6apYa MyTax,accHcJl TOMOHH)l, 6Hp OBO3)l, aKu, 51Jl KypcH Hcp )l, l\a6yJl l\HJlHHMOl\)l, .
IOl\OpH)l, TabKH)l,JlaHraHH)l,eK, aKu,H51Jl p )l, pOMa)l,JlHJl Hr TyJlHl\ HOpMacH yY y3rapyBYHra 6OFJlHl\: )l, H)l, H)l,Jlap MHl\)l,OpHra, 6aHKHHHr ccy)l, cTaBKacHra Ba aKu,H51 cOTHJl Hapx,Hra. y y3rapyBYHJl aKu, 51Jl 6yi1 Ya HOaHHl\ MHl\)l,OpJl x,HcO6JlaHa)l, , O6JlHrau, 51Jl 6yi1 Ya 3ca cpal\ ccy)l,a cpOH3H (HOMHHaJl Ba KynOH MabJl M) MHl\)l,OpHrHHa HOaHHl\ 6yJl MyMKHH. y x,OJl (HOaHHl\Jl ) HwOHYcH3Jl HH KeJl YHl\ pMai1)l,H.
Y3rapMac )l,HBH)l,eH)l,Jl Ba 6aHK cTaBKaJl MO)l,eJlJl (arap 6ax,OJlaHa)l, raH Bal\ )l, )l, yJl HHr ypTaYa l\Hi1MaTJl HwJl HJl ) y3rapyBYaH )l, BH)l,eH)l,Jl Ba 6aHK cTaBKaJl aKu, 51Jl H 6ax,OJlaw)l, l\ JlJl HHJl MyMKHH.
VIHcpJl51u,H51 r TabcHpH. VIHcpJl51u,H51 wapOHTH)l, nyJl x,apH)l, l\O6HJlH51THHH y3rapHwH OMHJlHHH l\ MaTJl l\OFO3Jl HHr 6ax,OcH Ba )l,apOMa)l,JlHJl rHra TabcHpHHH x,HcO6ra OJl w JlO3HM.
3 l\HJlai1Jl , h – yJlyw 6HpJl cHcpaTH)l,a HcpO)l, Jl H HHcpJl51u,H51 r ycHwH cypbaTH (TeMnH) 6yJlca, yH)l,a (1 + h) – HHcpJl51u, 51 HHr i1 JlJl ycHwH.
MHJlJl K peaJl cTaBKa i_p l\ i1H)l,arH TeHrJl )l,aH aHHl\JlaHa)l,H:

6yH)l, i_H - HOMHHaJl i1HJlJl K cTaBKa.
3ra 6yJl MH3:
i 1 ^1iH ,
^p 1h

_{i }i_H h _.
^p 1h
TeHrJl HHHr Yan Ba yHr TapacpJlapHHH wyH)l, i1 y3rapTHpHwra x,apaKaT l\HJl MH3KH, Yan TapacpH)l, i_H napaMeTp l\OJl , yHr Tapacp )l, TeHrJl cal\Jl l\ Jl yYyH 3ca i_T- napaMeTpHH HOMabJlyM z KO3cpcpHu, HTra Kynai1 HpaMH3 (yHH l\ i1H)l,arH TeHrJl Ma)l,aH TOnHw MyMKHH), 51 H:

_{i }i_H z h _,
^H 1h
z h ^h .
i_H

yH)l, r = i_H x z Opl\aJl 6eJl Jl aH cTaBKaHH KHpHTaMH3, yH)l, :
r i_H h i_H xh.
CTaBKa r 6pyTTO cTaBKa )l,ei1HJla)l, , y HHcpJl51u, 51 x,HcO6ra OJla)l, . apYa aBBaJlrH cp pMyJlaJlap)l,a HHcpJl51u,H51 x,HcO6ra OJl KHpHTcaK, i cTaBKaJl ypHHra 6pyTTO cTaBKa r 6yJl wH JlO3HM.
pyTTO cTaBKaHH O)l,)l,Hi1 cpOH3Jl p r_H 6yi1 a aHHl\Jlai1 :

i_p (1i_pn
) (1h)  i_T-
i_T-
x h x  1
h i_T-
r_n
i_T-

• 
  x,
  

6yH)l, i_T- – O)l,)l,Hi1 cpOH3Jl pHHHr HOMHHaJl cTaBKacH.
0)l,HHi1 cp 3Jl 6yi1 6pyTTO cTaBKa HOMHHaJl cTaBKa Ba HHcpJl51u,H51 Hr ycHw cypbaTH cyMMacHra TeHr, MypaKKa6 cp H3Jl 6yi1 Ya 6pyTTO cTaBKa 3ca – HOMHHaJl cTaBKa Ba HHcpJl51u,H51 HHr OpTHw cypbaTH cyMMacHHH yJl Kynai1 MacHra OwHpHJlraH MHl\)l,OpHra TeHr.

Caao!l!lap

1. 
   BeKceJlJl HHr 6ax,OcH Ba )l,apOMa)l,Jl Jl l\aH)l,ai1 x,HcO6JlaHa)l, ?
   
2. 
   aHK cepTHcpHKaTJl H 6ax,OcH Ba )l, OMa)l,Jl Jl l\ )l,ai1 x,HcO6JlaHa)l, ?
   
3. 
   06Jl au,H51Jl 6ax,OcH Ba )l, Ma)l,Jl Jl l\ )l,ai1 x,HcO6JlaHa)l, ?
   

Tonmupu !l

1. 
   a3aBHi1 l\HMMaTJlH l\OFO3Jl p 6ax,OcH Ba )l, pOMa)l,JlHJl x,HcO6Jl w MeTO)l, cHHH aMaJl i1 MacaJlaJlap)l, l\yJlJlaHr.
   
2. 
   TepMHHJl p Jl FaTHHH Ty3HHr.
   

6.