Xorijiy tillar kafedrasiHave/ has (got) (использование have/has и have/has got)
- I've got blue eyes. (or I have got blue eyes.) - Tim has got two sisters. (or Tim has two sisters.) - They like animals. They've got a horse, three dogs and six cats. - This car has got four doors. - I don't feel very well. I've got a headache.
- I've got a motor-bike but I have't got a car. - Mr and Mrs Harrison haven't got any children. - It's a nice house but it hasn't got a garden. - "Have you got a camera?" "Yes, I have" - "What have you got in your bag?" "Nothing. It's empty." - "Has Ann got a car?" "Yes, she has". - What kind of car has she got? In negatives and questions you can also use do/does + have: - They don't have any children. (= They haven't got any children.) - It's a nice house but it doesn't have a garden. (= it hasn't got a garden) - Does Ann got a car? (= Has Ann got a car?) - How much money do you have? (= How much money have you got?) The past is had. In negatives and questions we use did + have See Unit 9. I watched/ cleaned/ went etc. (Past Simple) See Unit 10. I didn’t … Did you …? (Past Simple negative and questions)
Образуется глаголом to go в форме Present Continuous (am/is/are going - здесь имеет значениесобираюсь, намерен) и инфинитивом смыслового глагола с частицей to.
Во избежание тавтологии форму с be going to не употребляют с глаголами to go и to come. Вместо нее обычно используют форму Present Continuous этих глаголов:
2 Этот оборот также используется для выражения большой вероятности или неизбежности совершения действий в будущем, так как их признаки очевидны в настоящем: (прогнозируемое будущее). Watch out! Those boxes are going to fall over! Осторожно! Те коробки сейчас упадут.
Различие в употребление Present Continuous и to be going to. Present Continuous подчеркивает наличие предварительной договоренности (назначенного времени встречи, купленного билета и т.п.), а to be going to привлекает внимание к наличию решения о том, что собираются делать:
Различие в употребление Future Indefinite и to be going to. Употребляя оборот to be going to подчеркивают, уже имеется запланированное до момента речи намерение осуществить действие в будущем. Форма Future Indefinite представляет будущие события как просто вероятные факты; передает намерение что-либо сделать, но без твердой уверенности, как с to be going to; либо передает намерения, решения, возникшие в момент разговора.
CONVERATIONAL PHRASES Список изучаемых слов: Let me — Разрешите мне I hope - Надеюсь It is to be noted — Необходимо заметить… (Необходимо иметь в виду…) We have no doubt of (that) — У нас нет сомнений в … (том что…) As you may know — Как вы, наверно, знаете to take the liberty of — взять на себя смелость to draw your attention to — привлечь ваше внимание к тому что to take into consideration — принимать во внимание to take into account — принимать во внимание 2 the matter of great importance — дело большой важности pro and contra — за и против at the present time — в настоящее время in case of necessity — в случае необходимости without fail — непременно as soon as possible — как можно скорее at your convenience — как вам удобно mentioned above — вышеупомянутый in general — в общем for example — например etc. — и так далее (эт сетера) in no case — ни в коем случае except for — за исключением despite the fact that — несмотря на тот факт что as a result of - как результат in accordance with — в соответствии с in view of the above said — ввиду вышесказанного on the ground that — на том основании что according to — в соответствие с as follows — следующие not above — не более to a great extent — в значительной степени to a certain extent — до определенной степени to a certain degree — до определенной степени 2 in order to — для того чтобы as far as - насколько in addition to в дополнение к a pleasant surprise — приятный сюрприз It gives me a great pleasure to introduce — Я с большим удовольствием представляю I am just writing a few lines to introduce — Пишу эти несколько слов, чтобы представить I sincerely regret that — Искренне сожалею, что To my great regret I must inform you that — С сожалением должен сообщить вам, что I regret to inform you that — С сожалением сообщаю вам, что Please, accept my apologies for — Пожалуйста, примите мои извинения за I must apologize that — Должен извиниться за то что I am afraid that — Боюсь что Unfortunately — К сожалению I will keep you informed — Я буду держать вас в курсе Let me inform you — Позвольте мне сообщить вам, что Pay special attention to… — Обратите особое внимание на Please, take a note of — Пожалуйста, обратите внимание на Add some data about — Сообщите дополнительную информацию о I will be in touch as soon as — Я свяжусь с вами как только This is to inform you that — Настоящим сообщаю вам, что I am attaching some information about — Прилагаю некоторую информацию о to confirm that — подтвердить, что to keep informed — держать в курсе to let know (without delay) — поставить в известность, дать знать (без промедления) THE ARAL SEA PROBLEM The tragedy of Aral Sea disappearance is one of the most convincing and vivid cases against unbalanced activities undertaken by the human society in the second half of the 20th century. During this period the humanity not only had the unprecedented achievements in engineering development, but also damaged the nature more than ever. Such outrage upon the planet was caused by the techno160 logical revolution, which at that time had been declared as a watershed of the human history, until the most advanced people found that very grave environmental consequences were hidden behind its frontage. Almost all current global climatic, hydrological, and geological cataclysms - the green-house effect, losses of rivers, lakes and wetlands, wide-spread desertification are caused by ambitious aspiration of people as if to provide their well-being, but in fact mainly for increasing property, domination and power, and followed by disregard of the fact that everything in the world is interdependent and has its own consequences in the form of large scale disturbance or transformations of natural processes. At present, the peoples and governments of such countries as Canada, the Netherlands, France, Switzerland, and Japan, which set an example for all mankind how to establish the interrelations with the nature, are worthy of gratitude and respect. They demonstrate how to integrate urbanization with preservation of fauna, flora, and landscapes on the basis of harmonizing interests of economic development and demographic growth with the environmental requirements and even raising a nature potential. In these countries, a partnership of people with the nature is based on profound respect and pride for natural resources belonging to their states, and worship of the nature which is inculcated from childhood. Drying up the Aral Sea that was a large water body with good quality water has reached such an extent that widespread nature degradation inside the dried area and outside its boundaries has resulted in the situation when this region is the natural disaster zone. The sea, which was the habitat of abundant flora and fauna and a natural regulator of climate in the irrigated area, degrades to such an extent that the desertification zone located between deserts Kyzylkum, Karakum and Usturt is formed. Vast areas of solonchaks and strongly saline lands, being sources of salt and dust transfer due to wind erosion, have occurred here. In the coastal zone the ecosystem of the delta and a coastal zone, which was formed during many centuries was completely damaged; the lakes dried up, salinity of water increased; solonchaks appeared at the sites of the dried marshes; catch of fish and furry animal significantly diminished; migratory birds disappeared; flora and fauna degrade; and the local climate undergoes a change. The five independent states located in the Aral Sea basin — Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan — have properly evaluated the necessity of tackling the problem of the Aral Sea and Prearalie (a dried coastal zone). The Heads of these states approved the Concept, in which the proposal to establish a new sustainable anthropogenic-natural complex in the South Prearalie in order to rehabilitate the productivity of this territory as much as possible was formulated. However, due to economic decline, implementation of this program faces difficulties. The existing ecological situation is of great concern for all peoples living both inside and outside the Aral Sea basin. PROVERBS
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
has have
1. already since ever for . . . never this year just this month yet this . . . now today uo to now several times recently it is . . . lately this is . . . befor kabi ravishlar bilan o`tgan zamonda sodir bo`lib, natijasi ko`z oldida namoyon bo`lgan yoki hozirgi paytgacha sodir bo`lgan ish-harakatini ifodalaydi.
We have not seen him before. We have seen a lot of museums lately. We have known him for 2 year. They have already cleaned the classroom. Have you ever been to Tashkent. 2. Nutq paytida sodir bo`lib o`tgan iSh-harakatini ifodalaydi. I have broken my pencil. Has the secretary come? He has left for Moscow. The postman has brought a newspaper. 3. when just now in 1999 yesterday last . . . When did he come back? He came back just now. He took his book just now.
They have just come home and are watching football now. She has already finished her work and is resting now. We have already tidied up the rooms and are having tea now. 5. Pr.Perf. + since + Past. Ind. I haven’t seen him since he left school. I was in Tashkent last year but I haven’t gone there since then. 6. Fut.Ind. + if whether + Pr.Perf. when as soon as (Fut.Perf. o`rniga +q`llaniladi). after, before till, until unless
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