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Sources of urbanization:
Natural population growth in urban areas; relocation from rural settlements to urban settlements; turning rural settlements into cities.
Depending on the population, cities are divided as follows:
Small - up to 20 thousand people;
Medium - from 20 to 100 thousand;
Large - from 100 to 250 thousand;
Large - from 250 to 500 thousand;
The largest - more than 500 thousand people.
In the group of largest cities, millionaires stand out, that is. Those with a population of 1 million or more. In the early twentieth century. there were only 10 such cities, and now their number has exceeded 400. When cities merge, agglomerations, conurbations, and megacities (megacities) appear. Agglomeration is a cluster of cities (by size and function) with a single clearly defined center. There are two or more such centers in the competition. Megacities are permanent urbanizations (agglomerations, concourses, and aggregations of other urban settlements) that stretch for tens and hundreds of kilometers. To choose the right furniture made of precious wood, you need to decide on the exact purpose and conditions of use of future furniture, then go to the nearest shopping center and look at the model you like.
In the 1970s. The concept of “megapolis” introduced by the UN has emerged, which means agglomerations (konurabations) with a population of 10 million and more. To date, there are about 25 such subjects, most of which are approximate in nature and therefore often differ significantly in different statistical sources, making it difficult to say how many of their indicators, for example, describe the population. According to the United Nations, Tokyo is currently the largest metropolitan area (about 31 million people), followed by New York - Philadelphia (about 30 million people) and Mexico (about 21 million people). These include Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro in South America, Los Angeles and Chicago Milwaukee in North America, Seoul, Jakarta, Delhi, Manila and Shanghai in Asia, Paris and London in Europe, Cairo in Africa and others. In the CIS, only Moscow (12 million people) belongs to the "megapolis".
The largest megacities in the world are Tokaydo (about 60% of the country’s population and 2/3 of industrial production) on the east coast of the Japanese island of Honshu, from Tokyo to Osaka; In the United States: Boswat (Boston - Washington (population about 50 million), San Francisco (San Francisco - San Diego) (about 20 million).
In economically developed countries, the process of urbanization has largely been completed, and in developing countries, for the above reasons, it is now very rapid. At the same time, it has actually lost the traditional features of “rural-urban” migration, where the rural population initially moved to small and medium-sized cities, where it is easier to adapt to urban living conditions. At present, migration flows from rural areas of developing countries are mainly directed to large and large cities, where it is easier to find work. This poses many other problems along with the process of adapting to the conditions of city life, as not everyone can find a job. In most cases, this is exactly what crime, drug addiction, prostitution, and so on are all about. These problems have already emerged against the background of traditional problems related to lack of housing, food supply, energy and water supply, sewerage, medical care and so on. Their presence is confirmed by the fact that, according to the UN, in many large and large cities of developing countries live up to 40% of the population, and sometimes even more in the evenings. What “poor living conditions” can show in the example of Kolkata, where the population density in residential areas reaches 400,000 people / km².
The level of urbanization varies significantly across regions and countries of the world, and is usually higher where developed countries predominate. Of some parts of the world in terms of urbanization, the Americas, Europe, and Australia and Oceania currently have roughly the same rates (at the level of 75%). However, in Asia and Africa, they are about 38%. Among the countries of the world, Singapore, Monaco, Kuwait, Nauru and Guadeloupe have the absolute highest rate of urbanization (100%). Among others, according to this indicator, they are mainly distinguished from developed countries, in particular, Belgium (97%), Iceland (94%), Andorra (92%), Great Britain (90%), Luxembourg. (88%), Germany (86%), Sweden (84%) and others. developed countries, a number of developing countries are also characterized by a high degree of urbanization. These are the leading oil-producing countries (Bahrain - 87%; Saudi Arabia - 83%; UAE - 78%; Iraq - 68%; Iran - 66%, etc.) and most South American countries (Uruguay - 93%; Argentina). - 89%; Venezuela and Chile - 87%; Brazil - 81% and others). As for this region, the current state of urbanization has historical roots associated with the colonization of the continent. This is because the representatives of the first colonial wave, mainly the Spaniards and the Portuguese, quickly divided South America into large private ones. land tenure (latifundia). In this regard, the colonists who came later were forced to “settle” mainly in port cities. The Republic of Belarus belongs to the highly urbanized countries. Currently, 71% of its population lives in cities.
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