36
coincides with the notion of zero morpheme in the oppositional
description of grammatical categories.
For instance, the word- form
clocks consists of two overt
morphemes: one lexical (root) and one grammatical expressing
the plural. The outwardly one-morpheme word- form
clock, since
it expresses the singular, is also considered as consisting of two
morphemes, i.e. of the overt root and the co\ert (implicit)
grammatical suffix of the singular. The usual symbol for the
covert morpheme employed by linguists is the sign of the empty
set: 0.
On the basis of
segmental relation, ―
segmental‖
morphemes and ―
supra-segmental‖ morphemes are distinguished.
Interpreted as supra-segmental morphemes in distributional terms
are intonation contours, accents, pauses.
The said elements of language should be considered
signemic units of language, since they are functionally bound.
They form the secondary line of speech, accompanying its
primary phonemic line. On the other hand, from what has been
stated about the morpheme proper, it is not difficult to see that the
morphemic interpretation of suprasegmental units can hardly
stand to reason. Indeed, these units are functionally connected not
with morphemes, but with larger elements of language: words,
word-groups,
sentences, supra-sentential constructions.
On the basis of
grammatical alternation, ―
additive‖
morphemes and ―
replacive‖ morphemes are distinguished.
Interpreted as additive morphemes are outer grammatical
suffixes, since, as a rule, they are opposed to the absence of
morphemes in grammatical alternation.
E.g:. look+ed; small+er,
etc. In distinction to these, the root phonemes of grammatical
interchange are considered as replacive morphemes, since they
replace one another in the paradigmatic forms.
E.g.: dr- i-ve – dr-
o-ve – dr- i-ven; m-a- n – m-e-n; etc.
37
It should be remembered that the phonemic interchange is
unproductive in English as in all the Indo-European languages. If
it were productive, it might rationally be interpreted as a sort of
replacive ―infixation‖ (correlated with ―exfixation‖ of the additive
type). As it stands, however, this type of grammatical means can
be understood as a kind of suppletivity (i.e. partial suppletivity).
On the basis of
linear characte ristic, ―
continuous‖ (or
―linear‖) morphemes and ―
discontinuous‖ morphemes are
distinguished.
By the discontinuous morpheme,
opposed to the,
continuous
morpheme, a two-element grammatical unit is meant which is
identified in the analytical grammatical form comprising an
auxiliary word and a grammatical suffix. These two elements, as it
were, embed the notional stem; hence, they are symbolically
represented as follows:
be ... ing – for the continuous verb forms
(e.g.: is going);
have ... en – for the perfect verb forms
(e.g.: has gone);
be ... en – for the passive verb forms
(e.g.: is taken)
Many of the distributional morpheme types contradict the
traditional definition of the morpheme: traditionally the morpheme
is the smallest meaningful lingual unit (this is contradicted by the
―empty‖ morphemes type), built up by phonemes (this is
contradicted by the ―supra-segmental‖ morphemes type), used to
build up words (this is contradicted by the ―discontinuous‖
morphemes type). This is due to the fact that in Descriptive
Linguistics only three lingual units are distinguished: the phoneme,
the morpheme, and syntactic constructions; the notion of the word
is rejected because of the difficulties of defining it. Still, the
classification of distributional morpheme types can be used to
summarize and differentiate various types of word-building and
word-changing, though not all of them are morphemic in the
current mainstream understanding of the term ―morpheme‖.