samâdhi,
and
* William James,
The Varieties of Religions Experience,
New York, Longmans
Green, 1917.
** Paul Anikieff,
Mysticism of St Simeon the New Theologian,
St Petersburg, 1906.
comes face to face with facts which no instinct or reason can ever know. . . .
When a man comes out of
samâdhi,
they [the Vedântists] assure us that he
remains 'enlightened, a sage, a prophet, a saint, his whole character changed, his life
changed, illumined.'
The Buddhists use the word 'samâdhi' as well as the Hindus; but 'dhyâna' is their
special word for higher states of contemplation. . . .
Higher states still of contemplation are mentioned - a region where there exists
nothing, and where the meditator says: 'There exists absolutely nothing,' and stops.
Then he reaches another region where he says: 'There are neither ideas nor absence
of ideas,' and stops again. Then another region where, 'having reached the end of
both idea and perception, he stops finally'. This would seem to be not yet Nirvana,
but as close an approach to it as this life affords.*
In Mohammedanism there is also a great deal of mysticism. The most characteristic
expression of Mohammedan mysticism is Persian
Sufism.
'Sufism' is both a religious
sect and a philosophical school of a very high idealistic character, which struggled
against materialism as well as against narrow fanaticism and the literal understanding
of the Koran. The Sufis interpreted the Koran mystically. Sufism is the philosophical
free-thinking of Mohammedanism, coupled with their own peculiar symbolic and
vividly sensual poetry which always has a hidden mystical meaning. The blossoming
time of Sufism was in the first centuries of the second millenium of the Christian era.
Sufism remained for. a long time incomprehensible to European thought. From the
point of view of Christian theology and Christian morality a combination of sensuality
and religious ecstasy is inadmissible. But in the East the two managed to exist together
in perfect harmony. In the Christian world the 'carnal' was always considered inimical
to the 'spiritual'. In the Moslem world the carnal and sensual was accepted as a symbol
of the spiritual. The expression of religious and philosophical truths 'in the language of
love' was a very widely spread custom in the East. These are the 'Oriental flowers of
eloquence'. All allegories, all metaphors were borrowed from 'love'.
'Mohammed fell in
love with God',
say the Arabs, wishing to convey the ardent quality of Mohammed's
religious feeling.
'Choose a fresh wife every spring - on New Year's Day; for the
Almanac of last year is good for nothing,'**
says the Persian poet and philosopher
Sadi. In this curious form Sadi expresses the thought which Ibsen puts in the mouth of
Dr Stockman:
'Truths are by no means the wiry Methuselahs some people think them.
A normally constituted truth
* The Varieties of Religions Experience.
** Sadi's Scroll of Wisdom,
Wisdom of the East Series, London, 1913.
lives — let us say - as a rule, seventeen or eighteen years;
. . .
very seldom
more.'*
The poetry of the Sufis will become clearer to us if we bear in mind this generally
sensual character of the literary language of the East, which comes from the deepest
antiquity. An example of this
ancient
literature is the Song of Songs.
Many passages in the Bible and all ancient Eastern myths and tales have this
characteristic sensual imagery which is so strange to us.
'Sufi poets, for the most part, wrote about the love of God in terms applied to their
beautiful women,' says F. H. Davis, translator
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