Samarkand branch of tashkent university of information technologies faculty of telecommunication technologies and vocational education

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IEEE standard
Notes
802.11	First standard (1997). Specified the MAC and the original slower frequency-hopping and direct-sequence modulation techniques.
802.11a	Second physical layer standard (1999), but products not released until late 2000.
802.11b	Third physical layer standard (1999), but second wave of products. The most common 802.11 equipment as the first book was written.
TGc	Task group that produced a correction to the example encoding in 802.11a. Since the only product was a correction, there is no 802.11c.
802.11d	Extends frequency-hopping PHY for use across multiple regulatory domains
TGe (future 802.11e)	Task group producing quality-of-service (QoS) extensions for the MAC. An interim snapshot called Wi-Fi Multi-Media (WMM) is likely to be implemented before the standard is complete.
802.11F	Inter-access point protocol to improve roaming between directly attached access points
802.11g	Most recently standardized (2003) PHY for networks in the ISM band.
802.11h	Standard to make 802.11a compatible with European radio emissions regulations. Other regulators have adopted its mechanisms for different purposes.
802.11i	Improvements to security at the link layer.
802.11j	Enhancements to 802.11a to conform to Japanese radio emission regulations.
TGk (future 802.11k)	Task group to enhance communication between clients and network to better manage scarce radio use.
TGm	Task group to incorporate changes made by 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11d, as well as changes made by TGc into the main 802.11 specification. (Think “m” for maintenance.)
TGn (future 802.11n)	Task group founded to create a high-throughput standard. The design goal is throughput in excess of 100 Mbps, and the resulting standard will be called 802.11n.
TGp (future 802.11p)	Task group adopting 802.11 for use in automobiles. The initial use is likely to be a standard protocol used to collect tolls.
TGr (future 802.11r)	Enhancements to roaming performance.
TGs (future 802.11s)	Task group enhancing 802.11 for use as mesh networking technology.
TGT (future 802.11T)	Task group designing test and measurement specification for 802.11. Its result will be standalone, hence the uppercase letter.
TGu (future 802.11u)	Task group modifying 802.11 to assist in interworking with other network technologies.

When it became clear that authentication on wireless networks was fundamentally broken, the IEEE adopted several authentication standards originally developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Wireless LAN authentication depends heavily on protocols defined by the IETF.
The Wi-Fi Alliance is a combination of a trade association, testing organization, and standardization organization. Most of the Wi-Fi Alliance’s emphasis is on acting as a trade association for its members, though it also well-known for the Wi-Fi certification program. Products are tested for interoperability with a testbed consisting of products from major vendors, and products that pass the test suite are awarded the right to use the Wi-Fi mark.
The Wi-Fi Alliance’s standardization efforts are done in support of the IEEE. When the security of wireless networks was called into question, the Wi-Fi Alliance produced an interim security specification called Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). WPA was essentially a snapshot of the work done by the IEEE security task group. It is more of a marketing standard than a technical standard, since the technology was developed by the IEEE. However, it serves a role in accelerating the development of secure wireless LAN solutions.

1. 
   What are the main elements of the WiFi networks?
   

A WiFi Network is a wireless (no wires) network that connects to your Internet router and wireless-enabled devices (such as laptops, smartphones and printers) in your home using a wireless radio signal. A WiFi network gives you the convenience and mobility to access your shared files, your Internet connection, and other wireless devices from any location within your network’s coverage area, and it’s easy to set up.
2.What antennas are used in WIFi networks?
Types of 

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