Phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet



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English phonology - Wikipedia

Allophones of vowels
Listed here are some of the significant cases of 
allophony
of vowels found within standard
English dialects.
Vowels are shortened when followed in a syllable by a voiceless (
fortis
) consonant.
[59]
This
is known as 
pre-fortis clipping
. Thus in the following word pairs the first item has a
shortened vowel while the second has a normal length vowel: 'right' /raɪt/ – 'ride' /raɪd/;
'face' /feɪs/ – 'phase' /feɪz/; 'advice' /ədvaɪs/ – 'advise' /ədvaɪz/.


In many accents of English, 
tense
vowels undergo 
breaking
before /l/, resulting in
pronunciations like [pʰiəɫ] for peel, [pʰuəɫ] for pool, [pʰeəɫ] for pail, and [pʰoəɫ] for pole.
In RP, the vowel /əʊ/ may be pronounced more back, as [ɒʊ], before syllable-final /l/, as in
goal. In Australian English the vowel /əʉ/ is similarly backed to [ɔʊ] before /l/. A similar
phenomenon may occur in 
Southern American English
.
The vowel /ə/ is often pronounced [ɐ] in open syllables.
[60]
The 
PRICE
and 
MOUTH
diphthongs may be pronounced with a less open starting point when
followed by a 
voiceless
 consonant;
[61]
this is chiefly a feature of Canadian speech
(
Canadian raising
), but is also found in parts of the United States.
[62]
Thus writer may be
distinguished from rider even when 
flapping
causes the /t/ and /d/ to be pronounced
identically.

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