The differences between these tables can be explained as follows:
General American lacks a phoneme corresponding to RP /ɒ/ (
LOT
,
CLOTH
), instead using /
ɑ/ in the
LOT
words and generally /ɔ/ in the
CLOTH
words. In a few North American accents,
namely in
Eastern
New England
(
Boston
),
Western Pennsylvania
(
Pittsburgh
), and to some
degree in
Pacific Northwest
(
Seattle
,
Portland
) and Eastern
Canadian English
,
LOT
words do
not have the vowel of
PALM
(the
father–
bother merger
has not occurred) but instead merge
with
CLOTH/THOUGHT
.
[48][49][50][51]
Although the notation /ʌ/ is
used for the vowel of
STRUT
in RP and General American, the
actual pronunciation is closer to a
near-open central vowel
[ɐ]. The symbol ⟨ʌ⟩ continues to
be used for reasons of tradition (it was historically a back vowel) and because it is still
back in other varieties.
[52]
RP transcriptions use ⟨e⟩ rather than ⟨ɛ⟩ largely for convenience and historical tradition; it
does not necessarily represent a different sound from the General American phoneme,
although the RP vowel may be described as somewhat
less open than the American
one.
[53]
The different notations used for the vowel of
GOAT
in RP and General American (/əʊ/ and
/oʊ/) reflect a difference in the most common phonetic realizations of that vowel.
The triphthongs given in the RP table are usually regarded as sequences of two phonemes
(a diphthong plus /ə/); however, in RP, these sequences frequently undergo
smoothing
into
single diphthongs or even monophthongs.
The different notations used here for some of the Australian vowels reflect the phonetic
realization of those vowels in Australian: a central [
ʉː
] rather than [
uː
] in
GOOSE
, a more
closed [
e
] rather than [
ɛ
] in
DRESS
, a close-mid [
oː
] rather than traditional RP's [
ɔː
] in
THOUGHT
, an open-mid [
ɔ
] rather than traditional RP's [
ɒ
] in
LOT
, an opener [
a
] rather than
somewhat closer [
ʌ
] in
STRUT
, a central [
aː
] rather a back [
ɑː
] in
CALM
and
START
, and
somewhat different pronunciations of most of the diphthongs. Note that central [
ʉː
] in
GOOSE
, close-mid [
oː
] in
THOUGHT
, open-mid [
ɔ
] in
LOT
and near-open [
ɐ
] in
STRUT
are
standard realizations in modern RP and the difference between modern RP and Australian
English in these vowels lies almost only in transcription rather than pronunciation.
[54][43][55]
Both Australian /eː/ and RP /ɛː/ are long monophthongs,
the difference between them
being in tongue height: Australian /eː/ is close-mid [
eː
], whereas the corresponding RP
vowel is open-mid [
ɛː
].
[56][55]
Australian has the
bad–
lad split
, with distinctive short and long variants in various words of
the
TRAP
set: a long phoneme /æː/ in words like
bad contrasts with a short /æ/ in words
like
lad. (A similar split is found in the accents of some speakers in southern England.)
Other points to be noted are these:
The vowel /æ/ is coming to be pronounced more open (approaching [a]) by many modern
RP speakers. In American speech, however, there is a tendency for it to become more
closed, tenser and even diphthongized (to something like [eə]), particularly in certain
environments, such as before a
nasal
consonant
.
[57]
Some American accents, for example
those of
New York City
,
Philadelphia
and
Baltimore
, make a marginal phonemic distinction
between /æ/ and /eə/, although the two occur largely in mutually exclusive environments.
See
/æ/ raising
.
A significant number of words (the
BATH
group) have /æ/ in General American, but /ɑː/ in
RP. The pronunciation varies between /æ/ and /aː/ in Australia,
with speakers from
South
Australia
using /aː/ more extensively than speakers from other regions.
In General American and Canadian (which are
rhotic accents
, where /r/ is pronounced in
positions where it does not precede a vowel), many of the vowels can be
r-colored
by way
of realization of a following /r/. This is often transcribed phonetically using a vowel symbol
with an added retroflexion
diacritic
[ ˞ ]; thus the symbol [ɚ] has been created for an r-
colored
schwa
(sometimes called schwar) as in
LETT
ER
, and the vowel of
START
can be
modified to make [ɑ˞] so
that the word start may be transcribed [stɑ˞t]. Alternatively, the
START
sequence might be written [stɑɚt] to indicate an r-colored offglide. The vowel of
NURSE
is generally always r-colored in these dialects, and this can be written [ɚ] (or as a
syllabic [ɹ̩]).
In modern RP and other dialects, many words from the
CURE
group are coming to be
pronounced by an increasing number of speakers with the
NORTH
vowel (so
sure is often
pronounced like
shore).
[58]
The
vowels of
FLEECE
and
GOOSE
are commonly pronounced as narrow diphthongs,
approaching [ɪi] and [ʊu], in RP. Near-RP speakers may have particularly marked
diphthongization of the type [əi] and [əu ~ əʉ], respectively. In General American, the
pronunciation varies between a monophthong and a diphthong.
[42]
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