Qru῾a: Yehudei Marrōqō ve-ha’le᾿umiyut, 1943–1954 (A Torn Community: The
Jews of Morocco and Nationalism, 1943–1954) (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 2001), 5–13.
2. This legal status of Jews was awarded to all those of the monotheistic
religions by the rulers of the Islamic states by reason of their being Ahl al-Kitab
(People of the Book). They were allowed to practice their religion under special
conditions.
The Moroccan Nationalist Movement and Its Attitude toward Jews and Zionism · 171
3. Tsur, Qehila Qru῾a, 5–13.
4. Abitbol, Yehudey Ṣfon Afriqa Hayom, 9–10.
5. Ibid.
6. Assaraf, Yehudey Marrōqō, 70–116; Michael M. Laskier, “The History of Zi-
onism in Moroccan, Tunisian, and Algerian Jewish Communities, 1897–1947,”
Sqira Ḥodshit 28 (August 1982): 10–13 (Hebrew).
7. The Hagana was the defense force of the Jewish Community (Yishuv) and
the Zionist movement prior to the establishment of the state of Israel.
8. Illegal immigration, also called Ha῾apalah, was conducted at the initiative
of immigrant groups in Europe, the Jewish Agency, and in some cases with
the help of the United States and even the Nazis. In Palestine, ῾Aliya Bet was
organized beginning in 1939 by the Mossad Le-῾Aliya Bet to bring immigrants
to mandatory Palestine after immigration was restricted by the British White
Paper of 1939.
9. Michael M. Laskier, “The Aliya of Moroccan Jews: Attitudes of Jewish
World Organizations and the Moroccan Government, 1949–1956,” Shorashim
Bamizraḥ 2 (1989): 317–18 (Hebrew); Laskier, “The History of Zionism”; Assaraf,
Yehudey Marocco, 67–69, 114–16, 242–44; Tsur, Qehila Qru῾a, 17.
10. Tsur, Qehila Qru῾a, 15–17; Michael M. Laskier, The Jews of the Maghreb
in the Shadow of Vichy and the Swastika (Tel Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, Diaspora
Research Institute, 1992), 102–106 (Hebrew).
11. Michael M. Laskier, Israel and the Aliya from North Africa, 1948–1970 (Beer
Sheva: Ben Gurion University, 2007), 52–53.
12. Laskier, The Jews of the Maghreb, 106–109; Laskier, “The Aliya of Moroc-
can Jews,” 316–23; Laskier, Israel and the Aliya, 55–68, 262–67, 389–92; Michael
M. Laskier, “The State of Israel and Moroccan Jews within Moroccan Politics,
1955–1960,” Michael: A Review of Jewish History in the Diaspora 14 (1987): 245–80
(Hebrew).
13. Laskier, The Jews of the Maghreb, 23–24.
14. Laskier, “The History of Zionism,” 14.
15. Laskier, The Jews of the Maghreb, 24–25, 93.
16. Laskier, Israel and the Aliya, 55–65; Tsur, Qehila Qru῾a, 17–22, 75–76.
17. Alal al-Fassi, The Independence Movements in Arab North Africa (New York:
Octagon Books, 1970), 374.
18. Laskier, “The Aliya of Moroccan Jews,” 317–18; Assaraf, Yehudey Marrōqō,
232–36. It is to be noted that in 1955 the sultan met delegates of the Jewish
Agency and assured them he was personally committed to the Jewish commu-
nity of Morocco and would guarantee their safety and rights. See CZA Z6/925,
7 November 1955, Discours du Trône.
19. Laskier, Israel and the Aliya, 187–88.
20. Ibid., 192.
21. Michael M. Laskier, Israel and the Maghreb: From Statehood to Oslo (Gaines-
ville: University Press of Florida, 2004), 50.
22. Citation from al-῾Alam in ibid., 191.
172 · Dalit Atrakchi
23. Laskier, “The Aliya of Moroccan Jews,” 327–29; Assaraf, Yehudey Marrōqō,
245–49, 293–301.
24. The Central Zionist Archives, CZA S38/376, 1962.
25. Laskier, Israel and the Aliya, 396.
26. See a decree launched in Rabat and Casablanca, “The Danger of Zion-
ism,” CZA S6/10061, 12 October 1959.
27. Alal al-Fassi, The Independence Movements, 376.
28. Ibid., 377. See also a report from a meeting between Alex Eastermann as
well as officials of the Jewish Agency with Abderrahim Bouabid, then the per-
manent delegate of the Istiqlal Party in Paris, considering the relations between
the two organizations in CZA Z6/925, 11 October 1955.
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