Exercises
Exercise 1
If you have some sound samples of motors, examine their spectra to see how
the attack and decay stages vary with load.
Conclusions
505
References
Deitz D., and Baumgartner, H. (1996). “Analyzing electric-motor acoustics.”
Mech. Eng.
118, no. 6, 74–75.
Finley, W. R., Hodowanec, M. M., and Holter, W. G. (2000) “An analytical
approach to solving motor vibration problems.”
IEEE PCIC-99-XX
. Siemens
Energy & Automation.
Yannikakis, S., Dimitropoulou, E., Ioannidou, F.G., and Ioannides, M.G. (2004).
“Evaluation of acoustic noise emission by electric motors of bench engines.”
Proc. (442) European Power and Energy Systems
. ACTA Press.
45
Practical 22
Cars
Aims
In this practical we will analyse the sound producing and shaping elements of a
more elaborate acoustic system. We will begin with constructing the piston sig-
nature of an engine and then apply a new trick, warping a static waveguide to
introduce FM that can cheaply model the nonlinear behaviour of a periodically
overdriven tube.
Analysis
Engine
In figure 45.1 you can see a four-cylinder petrol engine that works as follows.
The crank shaft rotates so that each of the pistons moves within a cylinder at
a different phase from the others. On its initial intake cycle, with the fuel valve
open, a mixture of fuel and air is drawn into the cylinder, while the exhaust
valve remains shut. After the piston has reached the bottom of its trajectory
the fuel valve closes, sealing the cylinder.
Moving upwards, the piston compresses the mixture, increasing its temper-
ature until a spark ignites it. An explosion occurs just as the piston passes
its azimuth so it is forced rapidly downwards, giving rotational energy to the
drive shaft. On its next upward movement exhaust passes through the now
open outlet valve and into the exhaust chamber. This cycle of four strokes,
intake, compression, ignition, and exhaust continues so long as fuel and air are
supplied. A battery is used to create the initial spark that starts the process,
but once running electricity is taken from an alternator coupled to the drive
shaft, more fuel and air are all that are required.
All the rest of the engine, turbo chargers, fan belts, and so forth, are extras
that contribute to cooling and efficiency, although they obviously contribute to
the sound too. The greatest differences in engine sounds come from having more
or fewer cylinders, and the design of the exhaust system. An important char-
acter of the engine sound is determined by the behaviour of the exhaust valve.
It is only open for half of each cylinder’s rotation, on every other cycle. The
upward motion of the cylinder expels hot gas under a high pressure and then the
valve closes as the cylinder begins to move down. So there is no negative pres-
sure cycle coupled to the exhaust chamber. The engine sound may therefore be
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |