Exercises
Exercise 1
From the Minnaert formula, how do viscosity and temperature change the sound
of bubbles? What would you expect to hear from bubbling lava and boiling
water?
Exercise 2
Wrap the bubble factory in a control structure so that bursts of bubbles emerge
according to their size.
References
Leighton, T. G. (1994).
The Acoustic Bubble
. Academic Press London.
Leighton, T. G., and Walton, A. J. (1987). “An experimental study of the sound
emitted from gas bubbles in a liquid.”
Eur. J. Phys
. 8: 98–104.
Stokes, G.G. (1851). “On the effect of the internal friction of fluids on the
motions of pendulums.”
Cambridge Phil. Soc
. 9:8–106.
Ucke, C., and Schlichting, H. J. (1997). “Why does champagne bubble?”
Phys.
Tech. Quest J.
2: 105–108.
Walker, J. (1981). “Bubbles in a bottle of beer: Reflections on the rising.”
Sci.
Am.
245: 124.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Coll Anderson for the bubbles sample used during analysis.
36
Practical 13
Running
W
ater
Aims
In this practical we will produce the sound of a flowing liquid such as water
running in a stream. Running water is a sound we nearly synthesise quite by
accident in a number of ways:
•
With a randomly wobbling resonant filter applied to a complex source.
•
By applying FFT-based noise reduction with a high threshold to noise.
•
Subverting the MPEG audio compression algorithm.
•
By granular synthesis, such as chopping speech into fragments.
None of these lends itself to efficient client-side synthesis or yields predictable
results. Our aim is to reduce the process to its bare essentials and provide an
efficient model for moving fluids.
Analysis
Like fire, water is an extent, emitting sound from many points. Unlike fire, it
is a homogeneous production; there are many separate events but each has the
same mechanism. The area of activity is the surface of the fluid, and in par-
ticular small cavities formed by turbulent flow. Water does not make a sound
just because it moves; it can move silently in the right conditions. A large body
of slow-moving water flowing smoothly in a stream makes practically no sound
at all, as does a thin film of shallow water flowing quickly over a smooth steel
plate. If we introduce irregularities or obstacles into the flow, such as placing
a stick in a stream or introducing bumps and scratches to the metal plate,
we hear a sound. The sound in the deep water will be much lower than that
in the shallow water, and it is more intense for faster flow. The phenomenon
behind the sound is turbulence, which we will look at in more detail when we
consider wind, but for now let’s just list the factors influencing moving fluid
sounds.
•
Depth.
•
Speed of flow.
•
Impedance. Obstacles like rocks.
•
Viscosity of the fluid.
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