Writing Scientific Research Articles
Cargill / Writing Scientific Research Articles 9781405186193_1_pretoc Final Proof page 1 13.1.2009 12:23pm Compositor Name: KKavitha
Cargill / Writing Scientific Research Articles 9781405186193_1_pretoc Final Proof page 2 13.1.2009 12:23pm Compositor Name: KKavitha
Writing Scientific
Research Articles
Strategy and Steps
Margaret Cargill and Patrick O’Connor
Margaret Cargill BA, DipEd, MEd (TESOL)
Adjunct Senior Lecturer
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences
The University of Adelaide
South Australia 5005
Australia
Patrick O’Connor BSc, PhD
Visiting Research Fellow
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences
The University of Adelaide
South Australia 5005
Australia
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
Cargill / Writing Scientific Research Articles 9781405186193_1_pretoc Final Proof page 3 13.1.2009 12:23pm Compositor Name: KKavitha
This edition first published 2009,
# 2009 by Margaret Cargill and Patrick O’Connor
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Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Cargill, Margaret.
Writing scientific research articles : strategy and steps /
Margaret Cargill and Patrick O’Connor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-8619-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-4051-9335-1
(hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Technical writing. 2. Research. 3. Science news. I. O’Connor, Patrick,
1967– II. Title.
T11.C327 2009
808
’.0666–dc22
2008042543
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 10.5/13pt Janson
by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
Printed and bound in Singapore
01 2009
Cargill / Writing Scientific Research Articles 9781405186193_1_pretoc Final Proof page 4 13.1.2009 12:23pm Compositor Name: KKavitha
Contents
Preface
ix
Section 1 A framework for success
1
1 How the book is organized, and why
3
1.1 Getting started with writing for international publication
3
1.2 Publishing in the international literature
4
1.3 Aims of this book
6
1.4 How the book is structured
7
2 Research article structures
9
2.1 Conventional article structure: AIMRaD (Abstract, Introduction,
Materials and methods, Results, and Discussion) and its variations
9
3 Referees’ criteria for evaluating manuscripts
15
3.1 Titles as content sign posts
16
Section 2 When and how to write each article section
19
4 Results as a ‘‘story’’: the key driver of an article
21
5 Results: turning data into knowledge
23
5.1 Figure, table, or text?
24
5.2 Designing figures
24
5.3 Designing tables
27
5.4 Figure legends and table titles
29
6 Writing about results
31
6.1 Functions of results sentences
31
6.2 Verb tense in Results sections
32
7 The Methods section
35
7.1 Purpose of the Methods section
35
Cargill / Writing Scientific Research Articles 9781405186193_2_toc Final Proof page 5 13.1.2009 1:18pm Compositor Name: KKavitha
7.2 Organizing Methods sections
35
7.3 Use of passive and active verbs
36
8 The Introduction
41
8.1 Five stages to a compelling Introduction
41
8.2 Stage 1: Locating your project within an existing field
of scientific research
43
8.3 Using references in Stages 2 and 3
44
8.4 Avoiding plagiarism when using others’ work
48
8.5 Indicating the gap or research niche
49
8.6 Stage 4: The statement of purpose or main activity
49
8.7 Suggested process for drafting an Introduction
50
8.8 Editing for logical flow
51
9 The Discussion section
55
9.1 Important structural issues
55
9.2 Information elements to highlight the key messages
56
9.3 Negotiating the strength of claims
57
10 The title
61
10.1 Strategy 1: Provide as much relevant information
as possible, but be concise
61
10.2 Strategy 2: Use keywords prominently
61
10.3 Strategy 3: Choose strategically: noun phrase, statement,
or question?
62
10.4 Strategy 4: Avoid ambiguity in noun phrases
63
11 The Abstract
65
11.1 Why Abstracts are so important
65
11.2 Selecting additional keywords
65
11.3 Abstracts: typical information elements
65
Section 3 Getting your manuscript published
67
12 Considerations when selecting a target journal
69
12.1 The scope and aims of the journal
69
12.2 The audience for the journal
69
12.3 Journal impact
70
12.4 Using indices of journal quality
70
12.5 Time to publication
71
12.6 Page charges or Open Access costs
71
13 Submitting a manuscript
73
13.1 Five practices of successful authors
73
13.2 Understanding the peer-review process
73
13.3 Understanding the editor’s role
74
13.4 The contributor’s covering letter
75
13.5 Understanding the reviewer’s role
76
13.6 Understanding the editor’s role (continued)
78
14 How to respond to editors and referees
79
14.1 Rules of thumb
79
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vi
Contents
14.2 How to deal with manuscript rejection
79
14.3 How to deal with ‘‘conditional acceptance’’ or ‘‘revise and resubmit’’ 81
15 A process for preparing a manuscript
89
15.1 Initial preparation steps
89
15.2 Editing procedures
90
15.3 A pre-review checklist
92
Section 4 Developing your publication skills further
95
16 Skill-development strategies for groups and individuals
97
16.1 Journal clubs
97
16.2 Writing groups
98
16.3 Selecting feedback strategies for different purposes
98
16.4 Training for responding to reviewers
100
17 Developing discipline-specific English skills
103
17.1 Introduction
103
17.2 What kinds of English errors matter most?
103
17.3 Strategic (and acceptable!) language re-use: sentence templates
105
17.4 More about noun phrases
108
17.5 Concordancing: a tool for developing your
discipline-specific English
109
17.6 Using the English articles (a/an, the) appropriately
in science writing
112
17.7 Using which and that
116
Section 5 Provided example articles
119
18 Provided example article 1: Kaiser et al. (2003)
121
19 Provided example article 2: Britton-Simmons and Abbott (2008)
133
Answer pages
145
References
167
Index
169
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vii
Contents
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Preface
Writing Scientific Research Articles is designed for early-career researchers in the
sciences: those who are relatively new to the task of writing their research results
as a manuscript for submission to an international refereed journal, and those who
want to develop their skills for doing this more efficiently and successfully.
All scientists are faced with pressure to publish their results in prestigious journals
and all face challenges when trying to write and publish. This book takes a
practical approach to developing scientists’ skills in three key areas necessary for
success:
.
developing strategy: understanding what editors and referees want to publish,
and why;
.
developing story: understanding what makes a compelling research article in a
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