the
former is the ultimate measure of the latter
. Thus the “disrespect” man shows
towards nature in his confident appropriation parallels man’s violence
towards his own kind. The specific shortcoming of previous criticism of
this play in this regard is to focus entirely on the subjective drama and
see the exterior antagonism only as incidental, even unintegrated detail.
The entirety of the central, emblematic scene of the play, the dance-
trial, is a visual and symbolic representation of this decisive parallelism
in the play’s dramatic action, for just as the two restless dead, the triplets
(the objectified corruptions of man), the half-child (human life aborted
by human cruelties) and the ants (the millions of workers – “the masses” –
ground underfoot in the “normal” run of production) all rise to condemn
the humans, so do the spirits of natural phenomena and objects testify to
the humans’ depredatory war of exploitation of the resources of nature:
Spirit of the Precious Stones:
Still do I draw them down
Into the pit that glitters, I
Spirit of gold and diamonds
Mine is the vain light courting death
A-ah’. Blight this eye that threaded
Rocks with light, earth with golden lodes
Traitor to the guardian tribe, turn
Turn to lead.
(
CP
,
)
Dramatic parables: ritual, anti-ritual, the “festival complex”
It is within this treatment of forest-nature, this validation of nature’s
integrity (earth, sea, wind, mountains, stone, trees and metals) against
man’s historic assault that Soyinka provides the specificity of the oth-
erwise generalized canvas of the play. It is the validation of the animist
wisdom of the mythic and ritual epistemologies of “tribal” West Africa
against its historical experience: a precarious undertaking.
The humans
depredate the forest-nature but the forest takes its toll, makes exactions.
Moreover, Forest Head is supreme, meaning: the earth is old, nature
subsists. To find, parallels to this absolute certainty of its own correctness
by the pure, unsullied animist wisdom, one would have to move beyond
the nineteenth-century Western romantic glorification of nature to the
present profound doubts of the ecological movement of the West in the
recognition that we will never subdue nature but will always remain part
of it.
Still, this validation in the play proves illusory and precarious.
Soyinka may be upholding Nature against History when Murete says:
I am not much concerned. But it seems to me that limb for limb, the forest has
always proved victor (
).
But it is an affirmation which Soyinka achieves mostly by linguistic
devices only, by rich imagery and poetic brilliance, and not by the use
of antagonisms in the plot of the play. One instance of this can be seen
when the “Chorus of Waters” warn:
Chorus of the Waters:
Let no man lave his feet
In any stream, in any lake
In rapids or in cataracts
Let no woman think to bake
Her cornmeal wrapped in leaves
With water gathered of the rain
He’ll think his eye deceives
Who treads the ripples where I run
In shallows. These stones shall seem
As kernels, his the presser’s feet
Standing in the rich, and red, and the
cloying stream . . .
Spirit of the Rivers:
Then shall men say that I the Mother Have joined veins with the
Palm my Brother.
Chorus of the Waters:
Let the camel mend his leaking hump
Let the squirrel guard the hollows in the stump.
(
CP
,
)
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