With cd it collins

d	2	f	3b	4 c
4	1	b	2	b	3a	4b	5a
5	1	b	2	c	3 b	4 a	5 c	6 a
6	1	d	2	e	3 c	4 a	5b
7	1	Tri	ue		2 False 3		True	4 True 5 False

8. 
   1 attended 2 contemporary 3 organized
   

4 broadcast 5 participate in 6 amateur

9. 
   Model answer
   

Global warming has long been recognized as a serious problem by most climate scientists. Governments around the world have begun to take the necessary measures to address it. However, as our understanding of the scale and nature of the problem is still developing, efforts to tackle global warming need to be reassessed from time to time.
Recent evidence suggests that some risk factors associated with climate change may have been overstated. Sea levels are now expected to rise by approximately one metre, not two metres, as previously thought. This is because some glaciers and ice sheets appear to be contracting, the Arctic, for example, while others, such as the Antarctic, appear to be expanding. Also, it
is now thought that the Gulf Stream is unlikely to vanish. It may, therefore, be possible to scale back plans for flood defences in coastal areas.
However, there is also evidence that some of the consequences of climate change may have been understated. Tropical forests are now believed to be more vulnerable to drought. Hurricanes and typhoons may become more severe. Greater efforts should therefore be made to protect vulnerable populations, especially in tropical areas. Buildings in storm-prone areas may also need to be re-designed to withstand high winds.
These recommendations, however, address the symptoms of global warming, not the root cause: the generation of greenhouse gases. Whatever the precise scale and nature of the consequences of global warming, they are all undesirable. Clearly, more needs to be done to reduce the burning of fossil fuels. Stricter emissions targets should be set and use of alternative sources of energy encouraged. It would be profoundly irresponsible to do nothing about the causes of global warming.

11. 
    Words for describing graphs and figures
    

Practice exercises
1 1 d 2a 3c 4g 5f 6e 7b
21c 2d 3f 4e 5b 6a 7g

bar chart	diagram	flow chart	line graph
2. 3, 4, 5, 9	1.7	1.8	4. 5.9

map	pie chart	table
5,7	5,7	3,6

k 1 flow chart, steps 2 map, key

3. 
   bar chart, vertical axis 4 diagram, arrows
   

5. 
   pie chart, segments 6 line graph, horizontal axis
   

5. 
   table, columns
   

5. 
   depicts represents compares illustrates gives data
   

Exam practice model answer
The charts show the percentage breakdown of government spending across nine categories in 2000 and 2010. Over the ten-year period, there were significant changes in expenditure.
In both years, the four largest areas of government expenditure were: education, healthcare, pensions, and defence, with education taking the largest share (24% in 2000 and 21% in 2010). The smallest areas of expenditure were transport, culture and leisure and ‘other’. Interest on borrowing and spending on welfare lay in between.
Interestingly, between 2000 and 2010, spending on all four of the largest areas had dropped, with the exception of pensions, which remained the same at 19%. Spending on transport and culture and leisure also fell significantly, with the transport budget declining by two thirds. On the other hand, spending on welfare and interest on government borrowing rose markedly, with the latter doubling over the ten-year period to 10%.
Overall, the charts indicate that the government has had to cut expenditure in most areas in order to fund the cost of borrowing and welfare.

12. 
    Words for describing change
    

Practice exercises
11c 2a 3e 4f 5b 6d
2a - bO c — d+ e+ fO

3. 
   year, decade, generation, century, millennium
   

word	connotation	time expression
1 alter	0	five centuries ago
2 diminish	-	the last few years
3 refine	+	over the next decade
4 shift	0	within a generation
5 transform	+	the next millennium

13. 
    Words expressing similarity and difference
    

Practice exercises

1. 
   Circle: a, b, g, h Underline: c, d, e, f
   
2. 
   1 identical 2 alike 3 diverse 4 distinct
   

4. 
   equivalent 6 contrary 7 conversely
   

5. 
   comparable
   

3. 
   1 differ 2 identical
   
4. 
   1/2 differentiate/distinguish 3 differs
   

4. 
   identical 5/6 similar/analogous
   

verb	noun
compare	comparison
contrast	contrast
differ	difference
resemble	resemblance
vary	variety

adjective	adverb
comparable	comparably
contrasting	contrastingly
different	differently
X	X
varied/variable	variably

4. 
   Circle: varied, comparable, comparison, resemblance, differently, contrast (noun), contrast (verb)
   
5. 
   1 varied 2 comparable 3 comparison
   

4. 
   resemblance 5 differently 6 contrast 7 contrasted
   

Exam practice
1 identical 2 differenl 3 comparable
4 different 5 alike

14. 
    Words describing cause and effect
    

Practice exercises

1. 
   1 the growth of social networking
   

[a reduction of government control of information]

2. 
   tax rises
   

[a slowdown in investment]

3. 
   [Better maternal health]
   

the government's reform of services

4. 
   The collapse of the bank
   

[financial crises throughout the country]

5. 
   [The company’s insolvency]
   

a series of poor decisions made five years ago

6. 
   His statements about corruption in the police [an immediate response]
   

2. 
   1 whereas, complete d an antonym
   

(cropped = reduced/cut)

2. 
   devices which reduce pollution generated by cars c a definition
   

(a catalytic converter = a device which reduces pollution generated by cars]

2. 
   weapons a a superordinate term
   

(a grenade = a type of weapon)

2. 
   for example failing to adeguatelv consider...
   

b an example
(flawed = faulty)
31b 2a 3b 4a 5a 6a 7b 8b 9a
Exam practice
IB 2 A 3 C 4 B 5 D

15. 
    Signposting expressions
    

for writing
Practice exercises

1. 
   1 e 2f 3b 4c 5 a 6d
   
2. 
   1b 2 b and c 3a 4b 5c 6d
   
3. 
   1 prior 2 nevertheless 3 on balance
   
4. 
   subsequbst 5 where as 6rssp6 ctivele
   

4. 
   1 Nevertheless 2 initial 3 subsequent
   

4 moreover o form5r 6 whereasOt?wh¡1st
Exam practice model answer
Studying abroad has become increasingly common in the last few years, especially for young people from countries such as China and India. Many students and their families clearly consider the experience worth the sacrifices involved. The former often give up friendships when they move abroad; the latter often use their life savings. Moreover, many governments are willing to invest huge sums of money in sponsoring their young people to study in universities overseas. However, this trend has drawbacks as well as benefits for those concerned.
One potential drawback is that the instruction international students receive may not be relevant to their home contexts. For example, students from developing countries who go to Western countries for teacher training are often taught to use teaching techniques that are suitable for small classes. When they return home they are often expected to teach classes of 40 or 50 students . Hence, what they have been trained to do may not be relevant.
Another potential drawback is the phenomenon of "brain drain'. Prior to leaving home, they may be fully committed to returning. Nevertheless, students are often at the stage in their lives when they are forming their most important personal and professional relationships. Thus they may choose to remain in the host country on completing their studies.
However, most international students find ways of making the experience work well for themselves and others involved. Most return home, enriched by new friendships made abroad. Furthermore, most find ways of adapting what they have learned to their home context. On balance, the drawbacks do not outweigh the benefits.

16. 
    Adverbs