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comparable

ADJECTIVE Something that is comparable to something else is roughly similar, for example in amount or importance. ■ paying the same wages to men and women for work of comparable value ■ [+ to] Farmers were meant to get an income comparable to that of townspeople.

• 
  equivalent
  

ADJECTIVE Something that is equivalent has the same value as another thing. ■ [+ to] A unit is equivalent to a glass of wine ora single measure of spirits. ■ They will react with hostility to the price rises and calls for equivalent wage increases are bound to be heard.

• 
  identical
  

ADJECTIVE Things that are identical are exactly the same. ■ [+ to] The new buildings look identical to those built 200 years ago.
■ The two parties fought the last election on almost identical manifestos.

Practice exercises

Circle the words for describing similarity. Underline the words for describing difference.




a alike

b comparable c contrary d conversely

e distinct f diverse g equivalent h identical

25

Listen and complete sentences 1-8 using words a-h above.

1. 
   Victor and Vincent are twins.
   
2. 
   Boys and girls rarely think
   
3. 
   We enjoy watching a range o f films.
   

A Psychiatry and psychology are two discipUnes.

5. 
   The average cost of a house today is to six years’ avenge annuaf salary.
   
6. 
   The minister was sacked for expressing views that were to those of the
   

government.

5. 
   The majority of female respondents reported spending more on sugary
   

snacks; , the majority of male respondents said they had spent more on
savoury snacks.

5. 
   People who do similar work should receive rates o f pay.
   

3. 
   Each group of words below contains a pair of synonyms . Circle the odd word out.
   

1. 
   differentiate differ distinguish
   
2. 
   identical similar aaalooguu
   

4. 
   Choose words from Exercise 3 to complete the sentences below.
   

You can (1 of (2) between two things; however , we normaUy
say that one thing (3) from 500^11^ esse.
If two things are exactly the same we can say that they are (4 ; if they are
somewhat the same we can say they are (5) of [6]

1. 
   Xaam tip: Wein n uuestins snn hh elETTS □sennm g xaam reuuireou u t o write nn e o r more I wots sou u me d o o mke e ume ^a t ou use e he e ormec t arrt o s pneech.
   

j When you learn a new word, learn its associated parts of speech.

5. 
   Use your dictionary to complete the tabe bebw. There may be more than one answer nf some cases.
   

verb

noun

adjective

adverb

compare
contrast
differ
resemble x x
vary
Q⁶ Listen to sentences 1-7. Circle the words in the table above that you hear.
26
Q⁷ Listen to Track 26 again. Complete the summary of each sentence 1-7 below using one of
26 the words you have circled. Make any necessary changes to verb forms.

1. 
   Eating a dee f is
   
2. 
   The dangers involved in flying and sailing am
   
3. 
   His choice was based on my of the programmes.
   

U The between the two songs was notable.

5. 
   The students understood the task
   
6. 
   His aalian views are often in to his televised views.
   
7. 
   Three economic crises were
   

Exam practice: Listening - completing a summary
Exam tip: When completing a summary in the IELTS Listening exam you should write words that you hear in the gaps.
However, the words that you see around the gaps in the summary are likely to be synonyms of the words that you hear.
Example: You see: Teachers often find it difficult to students' abilities.
You hear: Educators often find it challenging to assess students’ abilities.
When preparing to listen, underline key words in the summary and anticipate synonyms.

27
QUESTIONS 1-5
Complete the summary below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
JOB STRESS VS JOB CHALLENGE
Many people experience job stress and describe the workplace as challenging. However, ‘stress’ and ‘challenge’ are not (1 terms. Job stress results when the requirements of a
job outstrip the workers capacities. Challenging work is (2) room s^ossfuf work
because a challenge encourages the individual to develop capabilities in a healthy way. Meeting a challenge is (3) to toe idea of ^r^^tcli^^g in c^r^d^r to eeach for a goal. Two wooers
could have very (4 experiences of identicaf oobs because no two people ae
(5)

12. 
    Words describing cause and effect
    

Vocabulary

Nouns:

• 
  chain reaction (chain reactions)
  

NOUN A chain reaction is a series of events, each of which causes the next. ■ Whenever recession strikes, a chain reaction is set into motion. ■ [+ of] The powder immediately ignited and set off a chain reaction of explosions.

• 
  consequence (consequences)
  

NOUN The consequences of something are the results or effects of it. ■ [+ of] Her lawyer said she understood the consequences of her actions and was prepared to go to jail. ■ [+ for] An economic crisis may have tremendous consequences for our global security.

• 
  impact (impacts)
  

NOUN The impact that something has on a situation, process, or person is a sudden and powerful effect that it has on them. ■ [+ on] the mining industry’s devastating impact on the environment ■ an area where technology can make a real impact

• 
  influence (influences)
  

NOUN To have an influence on people or situations means to affect what they do or what happens. ■ [+ on] Van Gogh had a major influence on the development of modern painting. ■ Many other medications have an influence on cholesterol levels.

• 
  outcome (outcomes)
  

NOUN The outcome of an activity, process, or situation is the situation that exists at the end of it. ■ Mr. Singh said he was pleased with the outcome. ■ [+ of] It’s too early to know the outcome of her illness. ■ a successful outcome

• 
  repercussion (repercussions)
  

NOUN If an action or event has repercussions, it causes unpleasant things to happen some time after the original action or event. [FORMAL] ■ It was an effort which was to have painful repercussions.

• 
  Members of congress were warned of possible repercussions if their vote went through.
  

Verbs:

• 
  affect (affects, affecting, affected)
  

VERB If something affects a person or thing, it influences them or causes them to change in some way. ■ Nicotine from cigarettes can adversely affect the heart. ■ More than seven million people have been affected by drought.

• 
  The new law will directly affect thousands of people.
  

• 
  contribute (contributes, contributing, contributed)
  

VERB If something contributes to an event or situation, it is one of the causes of it.

• 
  [+ to] The report says design faults in both the vessels contributed to the tragedy.
  
• 
  [V-ing] Stress, both human and mechanical, may also be a contributing factor.
  

• 
  determine (determines, determining, determined)
  

VERB If a particular factor determines the nature of a thing or event, it causes it to be of a particular kind. [FORMAL] ■ IQ is strongly determined by genetic factors.

• 
  [+ whether] What determines whether you are a career success ora failure?
  

• 
  generate (generates, generating, generated)
  

VERB To generate something means to cause it to begin and develop. ■ The Employment Minister said the reforms would generate new jobs. ■ the excitement generated by the changes in Eastern Europe

•