Who? kim? vawhat? nima? so‘- rog‘iga javob bo‘luvchi so‘zlar turkumi ot deyiladi: a man, an engineer, a house

KISHILIK OLMOSHLARI (PERSONAL PRONOUNS)
Kishilik olmoshlari har doim olmosh-ot bo‘lib keladi. Ularda ikki takelishik bor: bosh kelishik (the Subject Case) vaobyekt kelishigi (theObject Case).

Shaxs	Kishilik olmoshi Bosh kelishik	Kishilik olmoshi Obyekt kelishigi	egalik olmosh-sifat	egalik olmosh-ot	O‘ZLIK OLMOSHI
	Birlik	Birlik	Birlik	Birlik	Birlik
I	I	Me	My	Mine	Myself
II	You	You	Your	Yours	Yourself
III	He	Him	His	His	Himself
	She	Her	Her	Hers	Herself
	It	It	Its	-----	Itself
	Ko‘plik	Ko‘plik	Ko‘plik	Ko‘plik	Ko‘plik
I	We	Us	Our	Ours	Ourselves
II	You	You	Your	Yours	Yourselves
III	They	Them	Their	Theirs	Themselves
Question	Who? What? Kim? Nima?	Whom? Kimni? Kimga?	Whose? Kimning?	Whose? Kimniki?	Who? O`zim
	Subject I am driver	Object Give me	Attribute My book	Attribute A book of mine	I did by myself

2. 
   There + be biror narsa haqida birinchi marta gapirsak ishlatamiz.
   

It + be bizga ma`lum bo`lgan otga qo`shimcha ma`lumot hamda shaxsning jinsini aniqlashda ishlatiladi.
Ex: There is a message for you. It is from your friend.
Ex: Who is on the phone? It is Mr Farxod
It olmoshi weather-ob havo, distance-masofa, temperature-harorat, time-vaqt
vait seems/appears that-go`yoki, it said that-aytishlaricha, it doesn`t matter-farqi yo`q, it looks like-kabi ko`rinadi,kabilar bilan ham keladi.
Ex: It is a ten-minute drive to the airport. It seems that there are some problems with the computer.
It ma`lum narsa haqida gapirganda one esa nom`lum narsa haqida gapirsak ishlatiladi.
Ex: I can`t find my wallet. Have you seen it? I haven`t got any nice jumpers. I need to buy one.

3. 
   Odatda egalik olmosh sifatni tana va kiyimlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi.
   

Ex: He put his jacket and his hat and left.
Egalik olmosh sifat o`rniga Theartikilini ishlatamiz agarda tanaga og`riq bildiruvchi fe`llar qatnashsa

Blow-zarba
Pain-dard
Hit-urmoq
Punch-mushtlamoq
Slap-tarsakilamoq
Bite-tishlamoq
Touch-tegib ketmoq
Pat-sekin urmoq
Sting-dilini og`ritmoq

Ex: She patted him on the shoulder. He`s got a pain in the shoulder

4. 
   Own so`zi kimgadir nimadir tegishli ekanligini 2 xil yo`l bilan bildiradi.
   

Noun + Of + my/your + own: I wish I had a room of my own.
My/your + own + noun : I wish I had my own room.

5. 
   Possessive case-qaratqich kelishigi. Asosan jonli narsalarga ishlatiladi. Kimning? Nima? So`rog`iga jav. Beradi.
   

1. 
   Birlik ot uchun +`s –ning: father`s book
   
2. 
   ko`plik ot uchun +s`-larning: boys book
   
3. 
   o`zakdan o`zgarsa +`s-larning: men`s shoes
   
4. 
   agar bir ot ikki kishiga tegishli bo`lsa qaratqich kelishigi ikkinchi otga qo`yiladi: Fayoz and Asli`s book.
   
5. 
   Qaratqich kelishigini har bir otga qo`yamiz qachonki ot har bir shaxsga tegishli bo`lsa.
   

Fayoz`s and Khamdam`s books.

6. 
   Joy, vaqt, davr va birovning uyida ma`nosida ham`s ishlatiladi. Ex: At the chemist`s, at Anvar`s,
   

A year`s savings, two hour`s drive, today`s news
Of – asosan jonsiz narsalarga nisbatan ishlatiladi va Nima? Nimaning?So`rog`iga javob beradi.
Ex: the roof of the house, the price of the living
a/the/this/that + noun + of + possessive Ex: She`s a colleague of mine.
Joy hamda tashkilot nomlari oldidan b`s va ofni ishlatishimiz mo`mkin.
Ex: Rome`s population or the population of Rome

6. 
   Reflexive pronouns - O‘ZLIK OLMOSHLARI quyidagi fe`llar bilan ishlatiladi:
   

Behave-o`zini tutmoq
Burn-kuymoq
Cut-kesmoq
Enjoy-rohatlanmoq
Hurt-shikastlanmoq
Introduce-tanishtirmoq
Kill-o`ldirmoq
Look at-qaramoq
Teach-o`qitmoq

Ex: Gulmira taught herself how to play the doira.
O‘ZLIK OLMOSHLARI BYpredlogi bilan kelsa “yolg`iz, bir o`zi” ma`nosini anglatadi. Ex: Father fixed the roof by himself.
He hates travelling by himself/on his own.
O‘ZLIK OLMOSHLARIning quyidagi birikmalar bilan ishlatilishi:
Enjoy yourself-vaqtizni yaxshi o`tkazing, Behave yourself-o`zizni yaxshi tuting, Help yourself-oling marhamat.
O‘ZLIK OLMOSHLARI gapning egasi yoki to`ldiruvchisiga qarab qo`yiladi. I spoke to the manager himself.

O‘ZLIK OLMOSHLARI- o`rin joy predloglari va quyidagi fe`llar bilan ishlatilmaydi.

Concentrate-fikrni jamlamoq, Feel-his qilmoq, Meet-o`chratmoq, Relax-dam olmoq, Dress-kiyinmoq, wash-yuvinmoq, shave-saqolni olmoq
Ex: I feel nervous. She looked behind her.


Dress-kiyinmoq, wash-yuvinmoq, shave-saqolni olmoq fe`llari bilan qiyinchilik asosida bajarilsa o`zlik olmoshi ishlatiladi: Ex: She washed, dressed, and then had breakfast.
He had a broken arm, but he managed to shave himself.


Each other- ikki kishi bir-birini: Tom and Ann love
Themselves – o`zlarini o`zlari: They enjoyed themselves.

7. 
   Demonstrative pronouns – ko`rsatish olmoshlariThis-bu, these-bular, that-ana u, those-ana ular.
   

Ko`rsatish olmoshlariot bilan ishlatilsa sifatlashadi: This book is boring.
Yolg`iz o`zi kelsa yakka tartibda ko`rsatish olmoshlarivazifasida ishlatiladi.This is a book.

1. 
   This/these: Asosan yaqin joyda bo`lgan odam yoki narsalarga ishlatiladi: This is my book.
   
2. 
   Hozirgi va kelasi zamon uchun: I am leaving to Tashkent this week.
   
3. 
   Telefonda, birovni tanishtirish: Hello? This is Umid. Mum this is Komila.
   

1. 
   That/those-asosan uzoq joyda bo`lgan odam yoki narsalarga ishlatiladi: That man over there …
   
2. 
   O`tgan zamon va o`tmishdagi voqealar uchun: That was a great party. That`s awful.
   
3. 
   Qo`ng`iroq qiluvchining kimligini so`rasak: Who`s speaking?
   

8. 
   SOME/ANY/NO-gumon olmoshi. (bir qancha, biroz)
   

	Affirmative-bo`lishli gaplar uchun	Interrogative-so`roq gaplar uchun	Negative-inkor gaplar uchun
Countable/ uncountable	Some	Any	Not any/ no
People – odamlar uchun	Someone/somebody	Anyone/anybody	No one/not anyone/nobody/not anybody
Things – narsalar	Something	Anything	Nothing /not anything
Places – joylar	Somewhere	Anywhere	Nowhere/not anywhere

1. 
   Some-ko`plik va sanoqsiz otlar oldidan bo`lishli gapda ishlatiladi.
   

Ex: I have some friends/money.

2. 
   Any- ko`plik va sanoqsiz otlar oldidan so`roq va inkor gapda ishlatiladi.
   

Ex:I do not have any books/sugar. Do you have any brothers/meat?
Any va unig birikmalari inkor gapda ishlatilgani uchun gapda qo`yidagi so`zlar bilan keladi:
Without-siz, never-hech qachon, seldom, rarely- kamdan kam, hardly-ba`zur.
Ex:I can do this without any help.

3. 
   No – ko`plik va sanoqsiz otlar oldidan Inkor ma`noda ishlatiladi
   

Ex: He has got nomoney=He hasn`t got any money.
No=not any Not anything=nothing, Not anybody=nobody, Not anywhere=nowhere

4. 
   Some, any, no + noun: some, any, no books/milk
   
5. 
   Some, any, no li birikmalardan keyin ot kelmaydi, fe`lning birlik shakli qo`yiladi.
   

Ex: There is something wrong with the computer


Note: Someiltimos(request), taklif(offer), ha degan javobni talab qiladigan so`roq gaplarda qatnashadi.
Ex: Can I have some tea? (request) Would you like some coffee? (offer)
This place is crowded. Shall we go somewhere else?


Any istagan, hohlagan ma`nosida bo`lishli gapda ishlatiladi.
Ex: You can come any day you like. I`ll find you anywhere you go.

6. 
   Every – “har“ degan maqnoni bildirib, sanaladigan birlikdagi ot bilan ishlatiladi.
   

Ex: Everybody/everyone wants to be happy. Everything is ready for the wedding.

9. 
   Else – “boshqa, yana” ma`noni bildirib gumon olmoshlari somebody, anybody, nothing, everywhere hamda maxsus so`roq olmoshlari who, what, why, when, where, how kabilar bilan fe`lning birli shaklida keladi.
   

Ex: Can I get you anything else? Kim hasn`t arrived yet but everybody else is here.
I`ve been to Tashkent twice this year. Really? Where else have you been?
I bought a lovely rug from the market. What else did you buy?
Anything (else) nothing (else) butbilan ham ishlatiladi.
Ex: I haven`t got anything else to offer but my advice.


Or else- aks holda: Ex: Hurry up or else we`ll our flight.
Elsewhere – somewhere else – boshqa bir joy
Ex: If you are not satisfied with the service in this restaurant, you can go elsewhere.

10. 
    Every/ each – sanaladigan birlikdagi ot bilan ishlatiladi.
    

Each- ikki shaxs yoki narsa buyum uchun.Ex: He was holding an ice cream in each hand.