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o f ; a n y / a n y o f ;
We usually need to put of after quantifiers that are followed by a pronoun, a determiner or a
possessive form before a noun. Study these sentences. More information is given in Units 63-68:
Quantifier
some
(Unit 63)
any
(Unit 63)
much
(Unit 64)
many
(Unit 64)
both
(Unit 65)
all
(Units 65/66)
each
(Unit 66)
none
(Unit 67)
few
(Unit 68)
little
(Unit 68)
without of
I made some fresh coffee and handed a
cup to Adam.
Don't pay any attention to what she
says.
She did the job, but without much
enthusiasm.
Many talented young scientists are
moving to Australia.
Both Alice and Tim enjoy cycling.
All people over
are required to vote.
He wrote down the cost of each item in
his shopping basket.
She searched the shelves for books on
yoga, but could find none.
There was silence for a few seconds, and
then she began to speak.
It'll take a little time, but I should be
able to mend it.
with of
Some of my jewellery is missing.
Have you seen any of these new light
bulbs in the shops yet?
Snow is now covering much of the
country.
She gave many of her best paintings to
her friends.
Both of my parents are teachers.
All of Bob's closest friends were women.
Each of you should sign the register
before you leave.
I tried on lots of coats but none of them
fitted perfectly.
They had a few of their friends round.
Little of his money came from his
parents.
However, notice the following about many, all/both and each:
• We can use many between a determiner or possessive form and a following noun, particularly
in rather formal speech and writing:
• The letter could have been sent by any of his many enemies.
• We can use much or many with this and that as in:
• I've never had this much money before.
• Compare these sentences:
• Many boys enjoy football. (= about boys in general) and
• Many of the boys enjoy football. (= about a particular group of boys)
• After personal pronouns we use
not all of / both of. Compare:
• I've given all of / both of them to Bob. or • I've given them all/both to Bob.
• All of / Both of them need
or • They all/both need cleaning.
• In informal contexts we can leave out of before the, these, those (and this or that with all); my,
your, her, his, etc.; and mine, yours, etc., but not before them, you, or us (and it with all):
• Are you going to eat all (of) that cake, or can I finish it?
Compare these sentences:
• All champagne comes from France. (= about champagne in general) and
• All (of) the champagne we sell is from France.(= about a particular type of champagne)
We can use each before articles, pronouns such as my, her, and our, and possessive forms,
when it means 'each one', as in:
• I could see five young elephants, each the size of a car. (= each one)
EXERCISES
69.1 Don and his family are from England, but have been living in New Zealand for the last year.
Here are some parts of a letter he recently wrote to his sister. Fill in the gaps with:
some or some of any or any of much or much of many or many of
UNIT
69
all or all of both or both of each or each of
(a) few or (a) few of (a) little or (a) little of.
You may also need to refer back to Units 63 to 68.
none or none of
Wellington, December 1st.
Dear Helen
Greetings from New Zealand! Sorry Haven't written recently, but Haven't Had
(D time.
...We've
(z) travelling during our stay. We've visited the South Island
twice, and also (3) the (4) small islands that make up the
country. (5) the west of the South Island is mountainous, but the east is
quite flat and full of sheep!
never seen that
in one, place, before.
The weather was good when we went and we Had very (7) rain...
...Before came Here, didn't know that New Zealand Had (8) ski slopes.
But (9) people Here seem to spend most of their winter skiing.
do) us had skied before, so we were pretty awful. Susan learned quickly
though, and after
falls she became quite confident...
...dz) the children send their love. They've grown
lot
suppose
they'll Look (13) different to you when you see them again. (14)
Susan and Tim really like it here. They've made (15)
good
and
them are planning to come over to England soon...
...You asked about the animals Here. No, we
seen (17) snakes -
there are (18) in New Zealand!
fact, (19) the animals in New
originally from
(zo) were introduced from overseas -
(zD them, like the rabbit, from
yes, we really
see
(zz) whales...
So you Heard about the volcano! There are three
volcanoes on the North Island,
and (Z3) them is still active. But think we're quite safe Here in
...(Z4) the people work with are Maori. Almost (Z5) them
on the North
with very
, apparently, on tine, South Island.
(Z7) the Maori we've met Have spoken English, although I've been told that
just (zs) speak only the Maori language.
...If
see (Z9) our friends in England, tell them we'll see them
(30) soon. Although (3D them said they would try to visit us,
(3Z) them did. Only Bob, Jenny and Paul came. We'll be really sorry to
the (33) good friends we've made
..
are going to get even busier as we pack up to come Home,
be
(34) chance to write in the next couple of weeks. So this will probably be
my last Letter before we see you again.
Love to (35) the family,
Don, Mary, Susan and Tim.
139
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