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P e r m i s s i o n , o f f e r s , e t c



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Advanced Grammar in use

P e r m i s s i o n , o f f e r s , e t c .
Д To
 ask
PERMISSION to do something we use
 can
or
 could:

 I
take another biscuit?
We use
 could
to be particularly polite. If we want to put extra pressure on someone to give a
positive answer we can use
 can't or couldn't.
For example, you might use
 couldn't
where you
expect that the answer is likely to be 'no', or where permission has been refused before:

 Can't/Couldn't
we stay just a little bit longer? Please?
To
 give
and
 refuse
permission we use
 can
and
 can't:
• Okay. You
 can
stay in the spare room. • No, you
 can't
have another chocolate.
Notice that we prefer
 can/can't
rather than
 could/couldn't
to give or refuse permission:
• • I'm sorry,
you
 can't
borrow the car
 (rather than
...no, you couldn't...)
In rather formal English,
 may (not)
can also be used to ask, give or refuse permission, and
 might
can be used to ask permission (e.g.
 'Might I
ask...?').
We use
 can
(for the present or the future) and
 could
(for the past) to
 report
permission (see Unit
49 for more on the choice between
 can
and
 could
in reporting):
• Jim says that we
 can
borrow his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.
• He said we
 can/could
use the car, too.
To report that in the past someone had
 general
permission to do something, that is, to do it at
any time, we can use either
 could or was/were allowed to.
However, to report permission for
one
 particular
past action, we use
 was/were allowed to,
but not
 could:
• Last century, women
 were not allowed
to
 (or
 ...couldn't
vote.)
• Although he didn't have a ticket, Ken
 was allowed to
come in.
 (not
...could come in.)
In negative sentences, we can use either
 couldn't or wasn't/weren't allowed to
to report that
permission was not given in general
 or
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