Webster's New World Medical Dictionary

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(IVP). Confirmation of the diagnosis requires a
biopsy, usually using a cystoscope. The bladder is
lined with cells called transitional cells and squa-
mous cells. A tumor may grow through the lining
into the muscular wall of the bladder and extend
into nearby organs such as the uterus or vagina (in
women) or the prostate gland (in men). When blad-
der cancer spreads beyond the bladder, the malig-
nant cells are frequently found in nearby lymph
nodes and may have spread to other lymph nodes or
other places, including the lungs, liver, or bones.
Risk factors for bladder cancer include age over 40
years, race (Caucasians are at twice the risk of
African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans, with
Asian-Americans at least risk), gender (men are two
to three times more likely to get bladder cancer),
family history of bladder cancer, use of tobacco
(which is a major risk factor), occupational expo-
sures (for example, workers in the rubber, chemi-
cal, and leather industries, hairdressers,
machinists, metal workers, printers, painters, textile
workers, and truck drivers), and prior treatment
with cyclophosphamide or arsenic exposure.
Treatment depends on the growth, size, and location
of the tumor. Surgical operations are commonly
needed. Chemotherapy, biological therapy, or radio-
therapy may also be used.
bladder infection
Infection of the urinary blad-
der. Some people are at greater risk for bladder
infections and other urinary tract infections (UTIs)
than others. Women are at greater risk than men;
one woman in five develops a UTI during her life-
time. Not everyone with a UTI has symptoms.
Common symptoms include a frequent urge to uri-
nate and a painful burning when urinating.
Underlying conditions that impair the normal uri-
nary flow can lead to more complicated UTIs. Also
known as bacterial cystitis. See also 
bladder pain.