Visit the National Academies Press online and register for

Educating the Student Body
disparate focus across racial/ethnic groups. This lack of evidence needs to 
be remedied if research on increasing physical activity in schools is to move 
forward.
REFERENCES
AAHPERD (American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance). 
2013. The difference between physical education and physical activity. http:// 
www.aahperd.org/naspe/publications/upload/The_Difference_between_Physical_
Education_ and_Physical_Activity.pdf (accessed February 28, 2013).
AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics). 2013. The crucial role of recess in school. 
Pediatrics 131(1):183-188.
Afterschool Alliance. 2009. American after 3pm: The most in-depth study of how 
America’s children spend their afternoons. Washington, DC: Afterschool Alliance.
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness and 
Committee on School Health. 2001. Organized sports for children and preadoles-
cents. Pediatrics 107(6):1459-1462.
Anderson, C. B., L. C. Mâsse, H. Zhang, K. J. Coleman, and S. Chang. 2009. Contribution 
of athletic identity to child and adolescent physical activity. American Journal of 
Preventive Medicine 37(3):220-226.
Anderson, P. M., K. F. Butcher, and D. W. Schanzenbach. 2011. Adequate (or adipose?) 
yearly progress: Assessing the effect of “No Child Left Behind” on children’s obesity. 
Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Aryana, M., Z. Li, and W. J. Bommer. 2012. Obesity and physical fitness in California 
school children. American Heart Journal 163(2):302-312.
Barfield, J., D. A. Rowe, and T. J. Michael. 2004. Interinstrument consistency of the 
Yamax Digi-Walker pedometer in elementary school-aged children. Measurement in 
Physical Education and Exercise Science 8(2):109-116.
Barr-Anderson, D. J., M. AuYoung, M. C. Whitt-Glover, B. A. Glenn, and A. K. Yancey. 
2011. Integration of short bouts of physical activity into organizational routine: 
A systematic review of the literature. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 
40(1):76-93.
Barroso, C. S., S. H. Kelder, A. E. Springer, C. L. Smith, N. Ranjit, C. Ledingham, and D. 
M. Hoelscher. 2009. Senate Bill 42: Implementation and impact on physical activity 
in middle schools. Journal of Adolescent Health 45(3 Suppl):S82-S90.
Bartholomew, J. B., and E. M. Jowers. 2011. Physically active academic lessons in elemen-
tary children. Preventive Medicine 52(Suppl):S51-S54.
Basch, C. E. 2011. Physical activity and the achievement gap among urban minority 
youth. Journal of School Health 81(10):626-634.
Bassett, D. R., E. C. Fitzhugh, G. W. Heath, P. C. Erwin, G. M. Frederick, D. L. Wolff, 
W. A. Welch, and A. B. Stout. 2013. Estimated energy expenditures for school-based 
policies and active living. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 44(2):108-113.
Beets, M. W., and K. H. Pitetti. 2005. Contribution of physical education and sport to 
health-related fitness in high school students. Journal of School Health 75(1):25-30.
Beets, M. W., A. Beighle, H. E. Erwin, and J. L. Huberty. 2009. Afterschool program 
impact on physical activity and fitness: A meta-analysis. American Journal of 
Preventive Medicine 36(6):527-537.
Beets, M. W., J. Huberty, and A. Beighle. 2012a. Physical activity of children attending 
afterschool programs: Research- and practice-based implications. American Journal 
of Preventive Medicine 42(2):180-184.

---

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School
The Effectiveness of Physical Activity and Physical Education Policies and Programs
 
351
Beets, M. W., J. Huberty, and A. Beighle. 2012b. Systematic observation of physical activ-
ity in afterschool programs: Preliminary findings from Movin’ After School interven-
tion. Journal of Physical Activity and Health [epub ahead of print].
Beighle, A. 2012. Increasing physical activity through recess. San Diego, CA: Active Living 
Research, A Program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Beighle, A., C. F. Morgan, G. Le Masurier, and R. P. Pangrazi. 2006. Children’s physical 
activity during recess and outside of school. Journal of School Health 76(10):516-520.
Belansky, E. S., N. Cutforth, E. Delong, C. Ross, S. Scarbro, L. Gilbert, B. Beatty, and 
J. A. Marshall. 2009. Early impact of the federally mandated local wellness policy 
on physical activity in rural, low-income elementary schools in Colorado. Journal of 
Public Health Policy 30(Suppl 1):S141-S160.
Belsky, J., C. Booth, R. Bradley, C. A. Brownell, S. B. Campbell, A. Clarke-Stewart, 
S. L. Friedman, K. Hirsh-Pasek, R. M. Houts, A. Huston, B. Knoke, K. McCartney, 
T. L. McKenzie, F. Morrison, P. R. Nader, M. O’Brien, C. Payne, R. D. Parke, M. 
Tresch Owen, D. Phillips, R. Pianta, S. Spieker, D. L. Vandell, W. W. Robeson, and 
M. Weinraub. 2003. Frequency and intensity of activity of third-grade children in 
physical education. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 157(2):185-190.
Bergman, E. A., N. S. Buergel, T. F. Englund, and A. Femrite. 2004. The relationship 
of meal and recess schedules to plate waste in elementary schools. Journal of Child 
Nutrition and Management 28(2).
Boarnet, M. G., C. L. Anderson, K. Day, T. McMillan, and M. Alfonzo. 2005. Evaluation 
of the California Safe Routes to School legislation: Urban form changes and children’s 
active transportation to school. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28(Suppl 
2):134-140.
Brug, J., S. J. te Velde, M. J. Chinapaw, E. Bere, I. de Bourdeaudhuij, H. Moore, L. Maes, 
J. Jensen, Y. Manios, N. Lien, K. I. Klepp, T. Lobstein, M. Martens, J. Salmon, and 
A. S. Singh. 2010. Evidence-based development of school-based and family-involved 
prevention of overweight across Europe: The energy-project’s design and conceptual 
framework. BMC Public Health 10:276.
Brug, J., M. M. van Stralen, S. J. Te Velde, M. J. Chinapaw, I. De Bourdeaudhuij, N. 
Lien, E. Bere, V. Maskini, A. S. Singh, L. Maes, L. Moreno, N. Jan, E. Kovacs, T. 
Lobstein, and Y. Manios. 2012. Differences in weight status and energy-balance 
related behaviors among schoolchildren across Europe: The energy-project. PLOS 
ONE 7(4):e34742.
Brusseau, T. A., P. H. Kulinna, C. Tudor-Locke, M. Ferry, H. Van Der Mars, and P. W. 
Darst. 2011. Pedometer-determined segmented physical activity patterns of fourth- 
and fifth-grade children. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 8(2):279-286.
Buliung, R., G. Faulkner, T. Beesley, and J. Kennedy. 2011. School travel planning: 
Mobilizing school and community resources to encourage active school transporta-
tion. Journal of School Health 81(11):704-712.
Carlson, J. A., J. F. Sallis, J. F. Chriqui, L. Schneider, L. C. McDermid, and P. Agron. 2013. 
State policies about physical activity minutes in physical education or during school. 
Journal of School Health 83(3):150-156.
Carson, V., and I. Janssen. 2011. Volume, patterns, and types of sedentary behavior and 
cardio-metabolic health in children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study. BMC 
Public Health 11:274.
Castelli, D., and J. E. Rink. 2003. A comparison of high and low performing secondary 
physical education programs. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 22(5):512.
Cawley, J., C. Meyerhoefer, and D. Newhouse. 2007. The correlation of youth physical 
activity with state policies. Contemporary Economic Policy 25(4):506-517.

---

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Educating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School
352