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part of the ongoing process of helping students 
understand, enjoy, improve, and maintain their 
physical fitness and well-being (e.g., students set 
fitness goals for improvement that are revisited 
during the school year).
Physical educators use fitness test results 
to assign a grade.
Children are physically prepared to participate 
in fitness testing.
Children are required to participate 
in fitness testing without proper 
preparation.
SOURCE: IOM, 2012b (adapted from NASPE, 2009a,b,c). 
students to participate in vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity 
in order to maintain and/or improve their personal health-related fitness. 
For example, the development of the Presidential Youth Fitness Program 
with the use of a criterion-referenced platform provides students with the 
educational benefits of fitness assessment knowledge (see Box 5-2). The 
emergence of one national fitness assessment, Fitnessgram, along with pro-
fessional development and recognition protocols, further supports fitness 
education in the school environment.