Version №1 Exercise Translate the text. Total stations in surveying

Version №1

Exercise 1.Translate the text.

Total stations in surveying

\Total stations can be used in any type of preliminary survey, control survey, or

layout survey. They are particularly well suited for topographic surveys, in which

the surveyor can capture the northings, easting‘s, and elevations of a large number

of points—700–1,000 points per day. This significant increase in productivity

means that in some medium-density areas, ground surveys are once again

competitive in cost with aerial surveys. Although the increase in efficiency in the

field survey is notable, an even more significant increase in efficiency can occur

when the total station is part of a computerized surveying system—data collection,

data processing (reductions and adjustments), and plotting . One of the notable

advantages of using electronic surveying techniques is that data are recorded in electronic field books; this cuts down considerably on the time required to record

data and to transfer such data to the computer, and on the opportunities of making

transcription mistakes. Does this mean that manual field notes are a thing of the

past? The answer is no. Even in electronic surveys, there is a need for neat,

comprehensive field notes. At the very least, such notes will contain the project

title, field personnel, equipment description, date, weather conditions, instrument

setup station identification, and BS station(s) identification. In addition, for

topographic surveys, many surveyors include in the manual notes a sketch showing

the area‘s selected (in some cases, all) details Field Procedures for Total Stations in

Topographic Surveys 133 details such as trees, catch basins, and poles, and

stringed detail such as the water‘s edge, curbs, walks, and building outlines. As the

survey proceeds, the surveyor places all or selected point identification numbers

directly on the sketch feature, thus clearly showing the type of detail being

recorded. Later, after the data have been transferred to the computer, and as the

graphics features are being edited, manual field notes are invaluable in clearing up

problems associated with any incorrect or ambiguous labeling and numbering of

survey points. It seems that surveyors who use modern data collectors with touch

screen graphics capability have a reduced need for manual field notes as they can

update.

BM-benchmark